Introduction
Nepal, a newly borne republic is currently in most difficult condition in terms of politics and economy making nationality weaker and republic doubtful. Peace Process which started after 12-points agreement between 7-parties alliance and Maoists was always doubtful as many questions have been rising in implementation of agreements. Due to this, economy which is result of foreign aid and remittances is also going downwards. As political parties especially Maoists think that they must capture each and every sector, nation is still unable to practice democracy and market economy properly. It is universal fact that market economy and democracy are supplementary to each other. But in absence of perfect democracy, market and public oriented institutions are being ineffective. As a result free access of poor people in business is still not in good condition. As poor people are always susceptible, to be used by extremists and communists against democracy so there requires large reforms in political methodology and institutions to make more access of poor people in market and to make them benefited by business. Great introduction
Political Analysis
Actually politics in Nepal is of amazing type. History says that politics is mainly done for gaining resources that are already present rather than for identifying possible new resources of opportunities. The nation started to walk towards democracy after people's movement in 1950.But due to problems in leaders and King, it was kidnapped by King in 1960 and autocratic system called `Panchayat` continued until 1990.But after 1995, country bounded to fight a civil war against the Maoist party. In 2006, Maoist was called to be landed in Peace Process. During the periods between 1995 and 2006, many lost their lives. But Maoist attacked especially cadres of different parties. As a result people believing in other ideology left rural areas. During the periods they gave bigger slogans against India and U.S.A. But their dual activity shows that they just want to get control over the nation either by threatening others or by attacking cadres of other parties. In fact this nation is in process of polarization where in one hand there will be parties calling themselves democrats and in other and Maoists who say that they won't accept diversification in political ideology in constitution to be written, in other hand. But in between ideological conflicts between these aspects, ordinary people are being suffered. The example of either of Maoist attack in Parliament or the different agendas submitted by 3-top Maoists leaders during their 4th extended meeting in Palungtar shows that writing new constitution is very doubtful. Because although Maoists leaders are not unified in terms of when to organize people's revolution against old system but they are unified to organize revolution. For that they have focused on strengthening YCL .In addition as they have included their armies in their meetings rejecting the orders of UNMIN.This symbolizes that Maoists still think their armies as weapon to capture nation. So such activities seem as obstacle for integration of armies. Either the attack on Himal media or the frequent attack on Rampur Agriculture campus by Maoists suggests that Nepal is still going downwards in terms of bringing democracy, free media etc., .As a result of conflict between the internal forces, country has been field for game of neighboring countries. As India tries to make Nepalese politics in their favor and similarly China is also increasing its appearance .So this nation has been buffer zone state between India and china as suggested by Charulata Hogg of Chatham House. Based on this we can say that politics is in severe condition. To break this, internal forces must come to one place. For that Maoists must wake up from their dream of People's Republic and other parties also accept their defeat in election. Excellent analysis, though the situation is unfortunate
Business Analysis
Actually business is defined as a difference between particular sets of regulations governing particular sets of arrangements and their environments. Institutional environment, with some properties of goods and contracting parties determines the structure and terms of markets arrangements (Dorward, 2001).As Nepal is a low income economy in world, market and business in Nepal are characterized by high transaction cost and risks, weak information flows and weak institutional environment .Thus characters with smaller resources either political or financial, are facing higher cost in accessing information and in enforcing property rights in markets. As a result these costs are inhibiting market development and also the access of poor people in market is not satisfactory. Due to this high cost, both the economic and technological development is reducing. In addition due to the high transaction cost in a market of lower economy like Nepal, market is being thin as majority of people in rural areas do not have access to the market and thus business condition of Nepal is just like `Low Level Equilibrium Trap`.]
Fig: institutions and Low Level Equilibrium Trap (Dorward et. al, 2003)
As a result of this low level equilibrium traps not many foreign investors are being attracted towards Nepalese business. But for this political deadlock is responsible very much.
Political Reform Priorities
As stated above Nepal needs large scale political reform for establishment and stabilization of democratic constitution. As we cannot get victory over other provided internal forces are segregated. So all parties must come to one place. I think the first and foremost thing to be done for establishment of democratic institutions is safe land of Maoist armies in society as different news of involvement of Maoist armies in different crime acts is reported. The only reason why People are poor both physically and mentally is because still none of parties have formally given commitment for improvement of living standards of poor people. Some have given but for popularity only. Parties calling themselves democrats must be serious as nation is near to Scandinavian countries where democrats became success to break growing communist by bringing different popular, poor and marginalized people oriented packages because studies show that Nepalese can no more sustain extortions and social insecurity created due to YCL.So if democratic parties being serious address problems of majorities and threats over nationality, future of democracy is good. good
Business Reform Priorities
Actually business in here is left with critical questions such as how institutional, technological, social and economic development can proceed through business and how different market stakeholders can promote development paths that will involve and benefit the poor as their population is still in majority and they are important for stabilization of democracy. So priorities should be given towards political economy of institutional change. North, 1990 have provided a background on effect of different ways of institutional transformation on economic development through business. Great reference Institutional change can be brought up by the responses of stronger groups or political consensus. In case of Nepal institutional change brought up on the effort of political consensus will be sustainable. In addition to considering process of institutional change, types of institutional change must be considered if Nepalese business and society is to climb out of the `Low Level Equilibrium Trap'. Community based organizations, micro-finance groups although are not parts of competitive market but can work well for the benefit of poor so these organizations must be promoted to check unrealistic demands on governments and also to prevent from facing serious problem of state failure caused due to market institution failure.
Niraj – this is an excellent essay. I enjoyed reading it.
Role of Business Community
Business communities are vital to establish democratic and market oriented institutions. In case of today`s condition of globalization role of business community is increased. Mainly they can work by
1) Providing financial assistance to the emerging institutions.
2) They can help institutions to bring packages in favor of poor people so that they can be involved in democracy and business,
3) They can advocate for liberalization, transparency and accountability in institutions by forming a forum. yes
4) They can organize different programs in co-ordination with civil society, media for liberalization and democracy in markets.
Conclusion
The first and foremost matter for the establishment of democratic and market-oriented institutions is political commitment by leaders. Due to instability and extreme nature of political parties, development of democracy and effect of market institution is not satisfactory. As business in Nepal is just like `Low Level Equilibrium Trap', poor people do not have still access to market and business and also foreign investors are not being attracted. Therefore for solution of this political commitment and implementation of commitment is needed for liberalization of the business institutions and also to increase CBOs and micro-finance institute in order to integrate poor and marginalized people into mainstream of democracy. Business communities can play a key role for proper development and effectiveness of such established institutes by making environments .Government should also help them to reduce unrealistic demands on Government in order to prevent from state failure caused by market imbalance.
References:
1) Dorward, A. and J. Kydd (2004) ‘The Malawi 2002 Food Crisis: The Rural Development Challenge’, Journal of Modern African Studies 42(3): 343–61.
2) Dorward, A., J. Kydd, J. A. Morrison and I. Urey (2004) ‘A Policy Agenda for Pro-Poor Agricultural Growth’, World Development 32(1): 73–89.
3) Dorward, A., N. Poole, J. A. Morrison, J. Kydd and I. Urey (2003) ‘Markets, Institutions and Technology: Missing Links in Livelihoods Analysis’, Development Policy Review 21(3): 319–32.
4) North, D. C. (1990) Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
5)http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/2041/
6) http://blog.com.np/2008/12/21/maoist-the-party-of-prime-minister-attacks-himalmedia- the-newspaper-house/
7) http://hamropalo.com/nepal_news/12-students-injured-in-ycl-attack.html 8) 8) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal
Sunday, February 13, 2011
Friday, January 7, 2011
Climate Change and Koshi River.
Really the climate change is becoming threat to human beings especially to the people from developing nations like Nepal are most vulnerable to this.As an example we can read about the big flood in Koshi river.Many lost their lives,many lost their houses and the most important thing is that the flood covered thousand hectares of agriculture land with sand and stone which made the land unfertile for many generations.The Terai region which is known as the food basket of Nepal is also becoming not able cultivate.This is leaving a serious questions to all of us.One question may be how the country can feed its own citizen provided the Karnali and other many regions are declared as food insecure region?Another question is that how to reduce the price of foods so that even poor people can have access to food? As Nepal is still dependent upon India and other countries for foods.Due to climate change,the country has to buy more food or have to beg from other countries.So the most important question will be is it possible to maintain a sovereign relationship with other nations if the problem of climate change over hits Nepal.In my view in coming few decades the climate change is sure to affect the foreign relation of Nepal.
So my friends,we must concentrate on these questions.We have to increase the internal production.But how can we do that?It is one of the difficult questions.We have to seek new probabilities of internal production.The stories about increasing tourism and establishing hydro power from excess water have been heard since our childhood.But what are the results of the stories,we should focus on that.
I believe in such case we have to commercialize agriculture because when we see the history of USA and other developed nations we can draw themes that their current progress is because they had started from progress in their agriculture.This means in the fertile lands we have to start commercializing agriculture rather than adopting subsistence type of agriculture.
Wednesday, January 5, 2011
Democracy and Free Markets
Democracy
Democracy is that governance system in which power is derived from citizen either by referendum or by means of elected representatives. Democracy has not universally accepted definition as UK practices one type of democracy and USA and India practice another type of democracy. But in all of the above democracy equality and freedom are regarded as commonalities of democracy. Famous American president Abraham Lincoln has said that democracy is the rule of people, by the people and for the people. Thus, by this definition we may conclude that in democracy every citizen has equal value and equal access to resources. Like other countries, Nepal has been also struggling for democracy since 1950 AD. But due to problems in Nepalese leaders and King, it is still juvenile. But it is always clear that democracy will be stable only when we talk about freedom and act accordingly from grass root level. But in case of Nepal, the reform and democratization has always been the slogan of national leaders. Democracy is still in danger in Nepal where in one hand there is threat of communist extremist and in another hand there is threat of extreme reactionists force. This condition was originated after Maoists integration in peace process. Thus, the democracy in Nepal will be of bright future if the parties calling themselves democratic practice their works, forming the poor people oriented policy.
Market economy
Market economy is that economy based on the power of division of labor. Prices of goods are determined in a free price system set by: supply and demand. Market economy is also different from planned economy in which the market is captured by government in fixed price system basis. Similarly, market economy is also different from the mixed economy in which the government may influence the market partly. In today's condition, there is no existence of market economy as the government influences the market policy to some extent directly or indirectly in price fixing of goods. But economist Ludwig von Mises has said that economy is still market economy if the government intervenes in the fixing of price of goods. Market economy is different from the capitalism in the sense capitalism assumes people as labor for the benefit of certain group of people who has capital. This is more the argument of what Karl Marx would say about capitalism – for more information on the different types of capitalism, check out this video that summarizes the four different types of capitalism as identified by Robert Litan: oligarchic capitalism (which is what you were referring to, I believe), big-firm capitalism, state-guided capitalism, and entrepreneurial capitalism. You can find the link here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOxM00nWgc0 )That group of people behaves other people having low capital as machine for producing their goods of interest.
Theory of market economy
Market economy is the free-market economy. The political freedom is only possible when there is free market. Thus, free-market economy is helpful for civil and political freedom and institutional reform as well. Economist Friedman has stated that economic freedom is simply a pre-requisite for political freedom. By enabling people to co-operate with one another without coercion it reduces the area over which political power is exercised. Interesting
Inter-relationship between market economy and democracy
In democracy market economy, exists partly but market economy without democracy is s bind. It is blind in the sense that people is free to do everything except sharing the l powers. That means there is sharing of wealth in market economy but not sharing of powers. Free market leads to sharing of power but power may not lead to free market unless the leaders are not unaware of its advantages. The best example of countries where there is market economy but not democracy is gulf countries. Gulf countries like Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait etc. where people are running their own enterprises but in the decision making process there is only presence of King family. General people conduct their enterprise but they are not able to speak against their king i.e. no freedom of talk.
Although they are conducting their own enterprise but in front of king family run enterprise, they are unable to get benefits of stock share. This is an example of power domination due to which they are not able to get benefited from the business. The rulers in these country has fear that the economic growth in there nations will be reduced if the political power is given to the people. So the parties are not in existence, freedom in opinion is not available. In other words, there is not democracy. Thus, without market economy, democracy is lamb and without democracy, market economy is under dictatorship.
Conclusion
Freedom i.e. democracy brings freedom in economy and freedom in economy brings civil freedom. In another words market economy and democracy are complementary to each other.
References:
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy
2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy
3) http://www.america.gov/st/democracyhr-english/2008/June/20080611144228ebyessedo2.224368e-02.html
Thank you for your essay – nice job and keep up the good work.
Democracy is that governance system in which power is derived from citizen either by referendum or by means of elected representatives. Democracy has not universally accepted definition as UK practices one type of democracy and USA and India practice another type of democracy. But in all of the above democracy equality and freedom are regarded as commonalities of democracy. Famous American president Abraham Lincoln has said that democracy is the rule of people, by the people and for the people. Thus, by this definition we may conclude that in democracy every citizen has equal value and equal access to resources. Like other countries, Nepal has been also struggling for democracy since 1950 AD. But due to problems in Nepalese leaders and King, it is still juvenile. But it is always clear that democracy will be stable only when we talk about freedom and act accordingly from grass root level. But in case of Nepal, the reform and democratization has always been the slogan of national leaders. Democracy is still in danger in Nepal where in one hand there is threat of communist extremist and in another hand there is threat of extreme reactionists force. This condition was originated after Maoists integration in peace process. Thus, the democracy in Nepal will be of bright future if the parties calling themselves democratic practice their works, forming the poor people oriented policy.
Market economy
Market economy is that economy based on the power of division of labor. Prices of goods are determined in a free price system set by: supply and demand. Market economy is also different from planned economy in which the market is captured by government in fixed price system basis. Similarly, market economy is also different from the mixed economy in which the government may influence the market partly. In today's condition, there is no existence of market economy as the government influences the market policy to some extent directly or indirectly in price fixing of goods. But economist Ludwig von Mises has said that economy is still market economy if the government intervenes in the fixing of price of goods. Market economy is different from the capitalism in the sense capitalism assumes people as labor for the benefit of certain group of people who has capital. This is more the argument of what Karl Marx would say about capitalism – for more information on the different types of capitalism, check out this video that summarizes the four different types of capitalism as identified by Robert Litan: oligarchic capitalism (which is what you were referring to, I believe), big-firm capitalism, state-guided capitalism, and entrepreneurial capitalism. You can find the link here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOxM00nWgc0 )That group of people behaves other people having low capital as machine for producing their goods of interest.
Theory of market economy
Market economy is the free-market economy. The political freedom is only possible when there is free market. Thus, free-market economy is helpful for civil and political freedom and institutional reform as well. Economist Friedman has stated that economic freedom is simply a pre-requisite for political freedom. By enabling people to co-operate with one another without coercion it reduces the area over which political power is exercised. Interesting
Inter-relationship between market economy and democracy
In democracy market economy, exists partly but market economy without democracy is s bind. It is blind in the sense that people is free to do everything except sharing the l powers. That means there is sharing of wealth in market economy but not sharing of powers. Free market leads to sharing of power but power may not lead to free market unless the leaders are not unaware of its advantages. The best example of countries where there is market economy but not democracy is gulf countries. Gulf countries like Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait etc. where people are running their own enterprises but in the decision making process there is only presence of King family. General people conduct their enterprise but they are not able to speak against their king i.e. no freedom of talk.
Although they are conducting their own enterprise but in front of king family run enterprise, they are unable to get benefits of stock share. This is an example of power domination due to which they are not able to get benefited from the business. The rulers in these country has fear that the economic growth in there nations will be reduced if the political power is given to the people. So the parties are not in existence, freedom in opinion is not available. In other words, there is not democracy. Thus, without market economy, democracy is lamb and without democracy, market economy is under dictatorship.
Conclusion
Freedom i.e. democracy brings freedom in economy and freedom in economy brings civil freedom. In another words market economy and democracy are complementary to each other.
References:
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy
2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy
3) http://www.america.gov/st/democracyhr-english/2008/June/20080611144228ebyessedo2.224368e-02.html
Thank you for your essay – nice job and keep up the good work.
Governance in Nepal
Governance
Governance is the way in which authority in a country is exercised. In another word governance is way in which decision is made and how thus made decisions are implemented for common interest or not. There are generally not measures of governance. However World Bank has made 3oo criteria for measuring governance which fall into
• Voice a accountability
• Political stability and absence of major violence terrorism
• States of corruptions
• Rule of laws
• Regularity of quality
• Government effectiveness
Based on these criteria, it is said that good government includes economics dimension political dimension institutional dimension. Government is main actor of political dimension which enforces the law and participation of almost all sectors, genders races in decision making process then make the governance sustainable and stable. In case of Nepal, it is marred with political instability. Until todays the country is unable to get new prime minister although former prime minister resigned from his post 4 months ago. In important posts of different organizations ranging from school to ministries, people are appointed in political basis. This system is eventually weakening democracy where all citizens are waiting for new democratic constitution. Biggest party i.e. Nepal Communist Party Maoism & third biggest party Unified Marxism and Leninism have established semi- militarized body in name of Young Communist League &Youth Force consequently. This is weakening security system of government. There is little access of government in rural areas which has been center of YCL where no people can express their view against bad works of YCL and Maoist, if they express they have to suffer from heavy physical loss. Even university and Medias are unsafe. For example I am a university student. Before 2 years ago, YCL attacked us and we were injured severely. Similarly we can take the attack of YCL on Himal National Daily as example. Extortion has been daily routine of YCL and Youth Force. Company owners are tired due to the extortion. Many thousands of people are bounded to leave their home as the Maoist cadres are still capturing their land and home.
Governance and Anti-Corruption
Good governance is an ideological concept and similar to anti-corruption. When there is good governance in a country, the decision making process is transparent and voice of even minority is heard. Due to this concerned organization or people are unable to do corruption. (Explain this in more detail. How does transparency and participation combat corruption specifically?) In case of Nepal, in decision making process only planning officers and the main officers of the organizations are involved and money obtained for implementing the plans are used by them. Later they are not punished by the government as ministers are also corrupted.2-3 months ago, in deforestation, the direct involvement of forest minister Deepak Bohara was reported according to Medias and civil society but the PM couldn't do anything. If there were no transition, no political instability and was rule of law i.e. good governance, then such activities would never happen. This expresses relation between good governance and anti-corruption. Such issues of involvement of political leaders in corruption are heard frequently. In famous Lauda and Dhamija airlines Corruption issues, former late prime Minister was reported to be directly involved but nothing happened against him. (Great example to explain how corruption exists where good governance is lacking)
Good Governance and Support to Entrepreneurship
Good governance provides democratic right to every investor to invest money. It also creates condition for people to establish their own enterprise. When threat such as extortions is available; no one wants to establish enterprise as there is no guarantee of success of his enterprise. In case of Nepal many multinational companies have left due to activities of workers belonging to Maoist. Closing of Surya Cigarette Company, different cement industries, different five star hotels due to the activities of Maoists workers are general in Nepal. Besides this there is no insurance to the company owner in government level. This is lessening the number of entrepreneurs in Nepal and also increasing brain drain as well. This doesn't mean that in Nepal there are no entrepreneurs. Famous Ramon Magassese Prize laureate Mahabir Pun is successful entrepreneur who is conducting his occupation in the field of wireless internet connection in rural areas of Nepal. (Another great example)
Conclusion
Nepal is in peace process since 2006.Hope of all citizens is that they will get good governance after getting new federal democratic constitution. But achievements we have gained today are not satisfactory as problems of extortions, bribery, and political appointment are still prevalent. Due to this many of those people who are able to establish enterprises are leaving nation but many of them are running their own enterprises. But if possible, the government must go ahead for making provision of insurance to those entrepreneurs.
Overall you have done a great job with this essay. Your use of real examples from Nepal supports your argument nicely.
References
•www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/nov12/news01.php
•www.hindustantimes.com/In-Nepal-Maoists-dictionary-extortion-means-donation/Article1-538574.aspx.
•www.nepalmonitor.com/2008/12/deploring_attacks_himalmedia_other_newsoutlets.html.
•http://hamropalo.com/nepal_news/12-students-injured-in-ycl-attack.html.
• Daniel Kaufmann: Article Name` Back to Basics 10 Myths about Governance and Corruption` Finance and Development Magazine, September 2005, Volume 42, Number
3
• www.wikipedia.org/governance
,
Governance is the way in which authority in a country is exercised. In another word governance is way in which decision is made and how thus made decisions are implemented for common interest or not. There are generally not measures of governance. However World Bank has made 3oo criteria for measuring governance which fall into
• Voice a accountability
• Political stability and absence of major violence terrorism
• States of corruptions
• Rule of laws
• Regularity of quality
• Government effectiveness
Based on these criteria, it is said that good government includes economics dimension political dimension institutional dimension. Government is main actor of political dimension which enforces the law and participation of almost all sectors, genders races in decision making process then make the governance sustainable and stable. In case of Nepal, it is marred with political instability. Until todays the country is unable to get new prime minister although former prime minister resigned from his post 4 months ago. In important posts of different organizations ranging from school to ministries, people are appointed in political basis. This system is eventually weakening democracy where all citizens are waiting for new democratic constitution. Biggest party i.e. Nepal Communist Party Maoism & third biggest party Unified Marxism and Leninism have established semi- militarized body in name of Young Communist League &Youth Force consequently. This is weakening security system of government. There is little access of government in rural areas which has been center of YCL where no people can express their view against bad works of YCL and Maoist, if they express they have to suffer from heavy physical loss. Even university and Medias are unsafe. For example I am a university student. Before 2 years ago, YCL attacked us and we were injured severely. Similarly we can take the attack of YCL on Himal National Daily as example. Extortion has been daily routine of YCL and Youth Force. Company owners are tired due to the extortion. Many thousands of people are bounded to leave their home as the Maoist cadres are still capturing their land and home.
Governance and Anti-Corruption
Good governance is an ideological concept and similar to anti-corruption. When there is good governance in a country, the decision making process is transparent and voice of even minority is heard. Due to this concerned organization or people are unable to do corruption. (Explain this in more detail. How does transparency and participation combat corruption specifically?) In case of Nepal, in decision making process only planning officers and the main officers of the organizations are involved and money obtained for implementing the plans are used by them. Later they are not punished by the government as ministers are also corrupted.2-3 months ago, in deforestation, the direct involvement of forest minister Deepak Bohara was reported according to Medias and civil society but the PM couldn't do anything. If there were no transition, no political instability and was rule of law i.e. good governance, then such activities would never happen. This expresses relation between good governance and anti-corruption. Such issues of involvement of political leaders in corruption are heard frequently. In famous Lauda and Dhamija airlines Corruption issues, former late prime Minister was reported to be directly involved but nothing happened against him. (Great example to explain how corruption exists where good governance is lacking)
Good Governance and Support to Entrepreneurship
Good governance provides democratic right to every investor to invest money. It also creates condition for people to establish their own enterprise. When threat such as extortions is available; no one wants to establish enterprise as there is no guarantee of success of his enterprise. In case of Nepal many multinational companies have left due to activities of workers belonging to Maoist. Closing of Surya Cigarette Company, different cement industries, different five star hotels due to the activities of Maoists workers are general in Nepal. Besides this there is no insurance to the company owner in government level. This is lessening the number of entrepreneurs in Nepal and also increasing brain drain as well. This doesn't mean that in Nepal there are no entrepreneurs. Famous Ramon Magassese Prize laureate Mahabir Pun is successful entrepreneur who is conducting his occupation in the field of wireless internet connection in rural areas of Nepal. (Another great example)
Conclusion
Nepal is in peace process since 2006.Hope of all citizens is that they will get good governance after getting new federal democratic constitution. But achievements we have gained today are not satisfactory as problems of extortions, bribery, and political appointment are still prevalent. Due to this many of those people who are able to establish enterprises are leaving nation but many of them are running their own enterprises. But if possible, the government must go ahead for making provision of insurance to those entrepreneurs.
Overall you have done a great job with this essay. Your use of real examples from Nepal supports your argument nicely.
References
•www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/nov12/news01.php
•www.hindustantimes.com/In-Nepal-Maoists-dictionary-extortion-means-donation/Article1-538574.aspx.
•www.nepalmonitor.com/2008/12/deploring_attacks_himalmedia_other_newsoutlets.html.
•http://hamropalo.com/nepal_news/12-students-injured-in-ycl-attack.html.
• Daniel Kaufmann: Article Name` Back to Basics 10 Myths about Governance and Corruption` Finance and Development Magazine, September 2005, Volume 42, Number
3
• www.wikipedia.org/governance
,
Business & society in Nepal
Background
Nepal is one of developing countries. Still in rural areas people use to fulfill their needs by exchanging goods. But with rising concept of money people have established small to medium scale of businesses. But large scale of businesses is rare. Several types of problems are prevalent in doing businesses. Political instability, lack of social security and incapability of government to bring clear visions about how to reduce current unemployment problem by making people attracted towards businesses are major problems.
Types of business in Nepal
There are many types of business in Nepal and the type based on generation of income includes
• Agriculture: - Nepal is an agricultural country. More than 80% of population is dependent upon this business directly or indirectly. The agricultural business shares 38.15% of national GDP (MOAC, 2004).
• Mining business: - Large mining enterprises do not exist in Nepal. Small mining firms are established. Mining business shares only 0.5% of GDP and limestone is most important in Nepal. Cement industries are established in many parts of country. There are 256 mining business firms.
• Manufacturers business: - Nepal is independent in noodle, soap, matches and other physical goods. However no physical goods such as cars, bus, are manufactured. But nowadays motorbike, mobiles are manufactured.
• Real state: - Not many people are attracted in this business as they think it is not a viable proposition. However small numbers of people are engaged in this business and only in Katmandu.
• Retailers and distribution business: - Actual data are not found .However it has been said that 60% of businessmen do this business as it is easier to establish consumer oriented shops.
• Service business: - Nowadays trend of establishment of restaurants, consulting firms is also increasing. However these service firms are established only in town but lack in rural areas.
• Transportation business: - deliver goods and individuals from location to locations, generating a profit on the transportation costs .e.g. DHI, FedEx
• Financial business: - There are 180 types of financial institutions in Nepal and simultaneously large numbers of co-operatives are established. They generate profit through investment.
Business and people
Due to incapability of Government to provide enough job opportunities, people are attracted towards self entrepreneurship so the program of self employment brought by Maoist during their 9-months rule became famous. Small types of businesses such as production of ghee, collection of wool in Himalaya region have been regular activities of people. Similarly nowadays many people returned back from Golf countries have established poultry firms. As poultry business brings profit in shorter periods of time. Similarly pashmina of Nepal is also used to export to USA. But due to extra tax by India on way creates problem. As salary from government is not enough to feed families, people are attracted to be self entrepreneur than to be engaged in government service. Similarly many people are attracted towards improving lifestyle by keeping cattle, buffalo, goats to sell milk and meat respectively. So due to this we can say in coming future, many people will improve their lifestyle by doing such businesses.
Business & public policy advocacy
Business firms must be active participants in policy issues before government policy makers. For example in Nepal, an organization named Clean Energy Nepal is always lobbying for use of greener technology in public. Similarly it is working for the spread of knowledge about adaptation and mitigation of climate change in public level. It gives pressure to government to bring renewable energy, clean energy technique effective in public level from state in climate change. Such works make clear about energy policy and can help people to find opportunities for business. Generally business firms can be engaged in public policy advocacy as
• Forming public policy strategy.
• Working to formation of tax policy for encouraging investment of public in business.
• Giving legal support for lobbying legislation
• Appearing on various government organized forums and conferences to find whether policy is public oriented or not.
Conclusion
Nepal is not an industrialized country. So there is lack of large level of businesses however small scale of business types has been daily routine of people even in rural areas. To promote business in country, government and already established larger business firms should try to bring program like self entrepreneurship. But for that government must improve current tax system and should provide security and business firm should advocate for that.
Niraj – this is a nice essay that is well-tied to Nepal. Keep up the good work!
References
∙John C. Wu, 1997: Article name: The Mineral Industry of Nepal
∙en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business
∙http://www.list-of-companies.org/Nepal/Business_Services/
∙MOAC, 2004: Annual Report of Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Nepal, 2004.
∙www.cen.org.np
∙http://www.nepal.com/real-estate/
∙http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEPALEXTN/Resources/publications/415830-1174327112210/ch1.pdf
Nepal is one of developing countries. Still in rural areas people use to fulfill their needs by exchanging goods. But with rising concept of money people have established small to medium scale of businesses. But large scale of businesses is rare. Several types of problems are prevalent in doing businesses. Political instability, lack of social security and incapability of government to bring clear visions about how to reduce current unemployment problem by making people attracted towards businesses are major problems.
Types of business in Nepal
There are many types of business in Nepal and the type based on generation of income includes
• Agriculture: - Nepal is an agricultural country. More than 80% of population is dependent upon this business directly or indirectly. The agricultural business shares 38.15% of national GDP (MOAC, 2004).
• Mining business: - Large mining enterprises do not exist in Nepal. Small mining firms are established. Mining business shares only 0.5% of GDP and limestone is most important in Nepal. Cement industries are established in many parts of country. There are 256 mining business firms.
• Manufacturers business: - Nepal is independent in noodle, soap, matches and other physical goods. However no physical goods such as cars, bus, are manufactured. But nowadays motorbike, mobiles are manufactured.
• Real state: - Not many people are attracted in this business as they think it is not a viable proposition. However small numbers of people are engaged in this business and only in Katmandu.
• Retailers and distribution business: - Actual data are not found .However it has been said that 60% of businessmen do this business as it is easier to establish consumer oriented shops.
• Service business: - Nowadays trend of establishment of restaurants, consulting firms is also increasing. However these service firms are established only in town but lack in rural areas.
• Transportation business: - deliver goods and individuals from location to locations, generating a profit on the transportation costs .e.g. DHI, FedEx
• Financial business: - There are 180 types of financial institutions in Nepal and simultaneously large numbers of co-operatives are established. They generate profit through investment.
Business and people
Due to incapability of Government to provide enough job opportunities, people are attracted towards self entrepreneurship so the program of self employment brought by Maoist during their 9-months rule became famous. Small types of businesses such as production of ghee, collection of wool in Himalaya region have been regular activities of people. Similarly nowadays many people returned back from Golf countries have established poultry firms. As poultry business brings profit in shorter periods of time. Similarly pashmina of Nepal is also used to export to USA. But due to extra tax by India on way creates problem. As salary from government is not enough to feed families, people are attracted to be self entrepreneur than to be engaged in government service. Similarly many people are attracted towards improving lifestyle by keeping cattle, buffalo, goats to sell milk and meat respectively. So due to this we can say in coming future, many people will improve their lifestyle by doing such businesses.
Business & public policy advocacy
Business firms must be active participants in policy issues before government policy makers. For example in Nepal, an organization named Clean Energy Nepal is always lobbying for use of greener technology in public. Similarly it is working for the spread of knowledge about adaptation and mitigation of climate change in public level. It gives pressure to government to bring renewable energy, clean energy technique effective in public level from state in climate change. Such works make clear about energy policy and can help people to find opportunities for business. Generally business firms can be engaged in public policy advocacy as
• Forming public policy strategy.
• Working to formation of tax policy for encouraging investment of public in business.
• Giving legal support for lobbying legislation
• Appearing on various government organized forums and conferences to find whether policy is public oriented or not.
Conclusion
Nepal is not an industrialized country. So there is lack of large level of businesses however small scale of business types has been daily routine of people even in rural areas. To promote business in country, government and already established larger business firms should try to bring program like self entrepreneurship. But for that government must improve current tax system and should provide security and business firm should advocate for that.
Niraj – this is a nice essay that is well-tied to Nepal. Keep up the good work!
References
∙John C. Wu, 1997: Article name: The Mineral Industry of Nepal
∙en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business
∙http://www.list-of-companies.org/Nepal/Business_Services/
∙MOAC, 2004: Annual Report of Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Nepal, 2004.
∙www.cen.org.np
∙http://www.nepal.com/real-estate/
∙http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEPALEXTN/Resources/publications/415830-1174327112210/ch1.pdf
Solid Waste Management to Adapt Climate Change and Global Warming
Purpose
In developing country like Nepal, solid waste management has been a serious problem and we see throwing of household solid waste here and there in roads. Solid waste produce methane gas which is GHGs, causing global warming and climate change. So main purpose of project is to reduce emission of methane gas in local level in Rampur Village,Chitwan district,Nepal.My general purpose during project will be
1) To raise awareness in local peoples about climate change
2) To adapt with climate change by management of solid waste, establishing biogas plant from solid waste and incorporating organic wastes in agriculture fields.
Implementation
I will choose 10 houses randomly in way that 1 house can use wastes produced by neighbouring for collection. Thus collected wastes will be used as fuel in biogas plant, because I will establish a low cost biogas plant. Thus generated biogas can be used to cook food and lighten lamps reducing dependence upon gas retailers. In addition, houses will be educated towards better compost formation. Thus made compost will be used in field as an additive to inorganic fertilizers so that adverse effect of climate change on soil by increasing microbiological activities, can be nullified. In addition peoples especially women of the village will be made educated about solid waste management and its sustainable management in relevance to climate change so that every family can learn about this and they start to adopt it.
Expected Achievements
1) At least, research houses will start to produce electricity from solid wastes and organic manures from wastes will be used in agriculture.
2) Dependency upon gas retailers will be certainly minimised and problem of load shedding will be solved by introducing clean energy technique.
3) Other village members will also start to do same practice.
4) Production of vegetable and other crops will be increased with use of manure.
5) Methane production will be reduced in local level and income will also be generated.
Plan to measure the outcome
1) Production of electricity and dependency on gas retailers, increase in production of crop and status of other villagers will be measured by observation and questionnaire.
2) Methane is not emitted to atmosphere by this method but gas will be used to light lamp and to cook food.
In developing country like Nepal, solid waste management has been a serious problem and we see throwing of household solid waste here and there in roads. Solid waste produce methane gas which is GHGs, causing global warming and climate change. So main purpose of project is to reduce emission of methane gas in local level in Rampur Village,Chitwan district,Nepal.My general purpose during project will be
1) To raise awareness in local peoples about climate change
2) To adapt with climate change by management of solid waste, establishing biogas plant from solid waste and incorporating organic wastes in agriculture fields.
Implementation
I will choose 10 houses randomly in way that 1 house can use wastes produced by neighbouring for collection. Thus collected wastes will be used as fuel in biogas plant, because I will establish a low cost biogas plant. Thus generated biogas can be used to cook food and lighten lamps reducing dependence upon gas retailers. In addition, houses will be educated towards better compost formation. Thus made compost will be used in field as an additive to inorganic fertilizers so that adverse effect of climate change on soil by increasing microbiological activities, can be nullified. In addition peoples especially women of the village will be made educated about solid waste management and its sustainable management in relevance to climate change so that every family can learn about this and they start to adopt it.
Expected Achievements
1) At least, research houses will start to produce electricity from solid wastes and organic manures from wastes will be used in agriculture.
2) Dependency upon gas retailers will be certainly minimised and problem of load shedding will be solved by introducing clean energy technique.
3) Other village members will also start to do same practice.
4) Production of vegetable and other crops will be increased with use of manure.
5) Methane production will be reduced in local level and income will also be generated.
Plan to measure the outcome
1) Production of electricity and dependency on gas retailers, increase in production of crop and status of other villagers will be measured by observation and questionnaire.
2) Methane is not emitted to atmosphere by this method but gas will be used to light lamp and to cook food.
Youth Unemployment in Nepal
ABSTRACT
Youths are actually the pillars who give the shape to any nation, community. The history is proof that for every positive change in society, youths have played a top role. So their skills, knowledge should be considered. In case of Nepal there 1.5 million of youth major fractions of them are unemployed. Due to the lack of ample sources of employment, they are involved in drug addiction, crime and other illegal activities. Not only have these the unemployed youths are used by different political parties either in the name of YCL (Young Communist League, Nepal or Youth Force. The activities of these youth groups like firing of news paper, strikes are serious and are in opposition to the fundamentals human rights. The consequences is that everyday heavy mass of young educated and uneducated youth are leaving community, nation to foreign countries in order to find job. The youth drain rate is so enormous that a general Nepali is questioning who will lead Nepal after 30 years. Now it is time to think towards that. Youth like me can co-operate with local peoples, international organization to access money to start business and to provide employment. One example can be selling the useful material (e.g. flowers, basket etc) made from polyethylene plastics which is here and there. By such project, youth unemployment can be decreased to some extent and my organization can be an example.. But for that we should appreciate the labor of youth and Government should help the youth entrepreneur.
Keywords: Pillars, Political parties, lead, international agencies, project, polyethylene plastics, YCL
Introduction
Youth is what, that is described as follows
'Youth is like a fire
Crept forward
A spark at first
Growing into a flame
The brightening into a Blaze.
Youth are the future of any nation and the partners of today. They are peoples of age 15-24 years. They are important for any nation because history is proof that in every positive a negative transformation of country is led by youth peoples. For example in French revolution, USA revolution, Nepal's revolution for republic, the role of youth lies in top position. They played top role in these positives change as they have warm blood by virtue of which transformation of this world into a heaven is the dream of every youth. In Nepal, population of youth is 65% of total population of nation. But peoples of these age groups are seeking job. Today every youth has dream to get a fashionable job and to spend prosperous life. So in search of handsome job, we see many youths moving to one place form another place. Some are employed but still 1.5 million are either unemployed or underemployed. The rate of youth unemployment is increasing. There are several factors that are responsible for youth unemployment in my society as well as in my nation.
(1) 12 years of Maoists war
From 1994, Nepal, which was said to bring democracy just in 1989, compelled to emerge in the sea of civil war. There were two parties during that civil war. One was Government and another was Nepal Communist Party Maoists. The initial slogan of that party was to destroy old kingship and to establish communist rule in country. During war many lost their lives; many lost their beloved children, husband, wife and other relatives. Many young peoples were compelled to migrate from the Maoists vulnerable place to safe place. The safe place was urban area to some extent. In that way population of town, city like Katmandu increased, due to limited sources of employment, employment demand became quite higher than employment opportunities available. This happened because youths in town were to survive by earning themselves for they have left their home, properties in villages. That was one impact of the Maoist war on the youth while there was another impact of the war on the youth. That was many young peoples were working in the Government service sectors and security sector. Due to mental pressure from Government and Maoists side, they became compelled to leave the job. In that way my society, nation has higher rate of youth unemployment. During war, industries of sugar, oil, were seriously affected and many of them ended to work. Due to which thousands of poor Nepali youth lost their job. Cause of industries to stop function were probably problems like strikes due to which it was not possible to bring necessary raw materials from neighboring countries. Not only during that war but protests, strikes like problems are still prominent problems of my country, my society. A survey done by an international organization reported that only 12 days in six months were free of any strikes, protests, in whole Nepal. In that case even a man of common sense knows, about difficulties of industries and effects on youth. This trend is not stopped yet. Nation's biggest jute mill 'Biratnagar Jute mill' has stopped working because cadres of different political parties beg money with owner of the mill. Due to that many youths have lost their daily breads. The similar situation is that of many cement, cigarette, and etc. companies. Therefore I think in this case high rate of youth unemployment is not matter of amazement. Not only this but different cadres groups like `Gohit Samuha`,`Jwala samuha ` are still in our nation. Due to this the youths working in the Terai are either migrated or left the job..
(2) Political instability
Although my country is in peace process, there are still political conflicts between different parties. No one knows what happens in future. Due to rude behaviours of cadres of political parties, investors are frightened to invest money in newer ways of economy. Many multinational companies have already left my nation. For example international company of famous tooth pastes brands 'Colgate' was heard to leave nation 3-4 months ago .This has impact on youth. Leaving of one company means subtraction of one ways to earn money. This is of prime importance in countries like Nepal, where no. of bigger companies are fewer.
(3) Use of Traditional Knowledge and Lack of Modern Knowledge in Agriculture
Agriculture is main basis of economy of my nation and society in which 80% peoples are involved and it contributes 40% to the total national GDP. Agriculture sector has still more potential to employ youth if certain positive steps are taken towards that, Agriculture is the main sectors of employment. But agriculture is mainly of subsistence type and not durable. The establishment of agriculture enterprise, farm enterprise is found in less number as it should be in an agricultural country. Today's youth employment rate can be decreased if agriculture practices are transformed into commercial form. For example my county is the country where the livestock density is highest in whole Asia. But is importing cheese, ghee and other dairy related food materials. If these food materials are manufactured in Nepal in industrial level then number of unemployed youths can be decreased.
(4) Lack of Youths in Decision Making Process
Only youth knows problems of other youths. Either in cabinet or in national planning commission, there is dominance of old peoples who usually not bring programs that answers needs of youth. Old peoples were once young so thinking this they should bring youth favorable programs but when they become old and reach in planning position they only use youths to fulfill their needs either in the name of political ideology. National education system is such bad that it focuses on theoretical knowledge rather than practical and technical knowledge. In countries where government can generate enough employment opportunities, theoretical knowledge will be better but in case of my society, my nation where only 5, 00,000 peoples are employed in the governmental sectors, the education system should be of applied type and technical, which is not. In colleges youths are compelled to memorize each and every line in books but they are not taught where theme of these should be applied in order to make him self employed or to open door of employment.
Consequences
A. Effect to an Individual Member of Society
1. Psychological Effects
In a society/nation where more youths are unemployed, each individual member or citizen become frustrated with the status of community. Sometime and he/she figures out politician/ teachers or others as a cause for that and sometimes he finds himself as a reason of youth unemployment. But in deed he is compelled to live to live. This is so because in my society where parents teachers/keep their child thinking that after study, he will earn money and serve them. But when the younger do not get any job, they see the whole worlds ruining but do not find any sustainable solutions of that in that case many youths are compelled to suicide.
2. Trouble to Young Women
Nepalese society is male dominated society. Population of young employed female is less than the population of young employed male although the total population of young female is greater than young male. This is probably due to paternal attitude in society. The married/unmarried female who are employed is behaved in superior way then the unemployed women. The married unemployment women have to live in house limiting in the daily household works and in involving in child bearing activities. I have seen the house, where the women is employed, having only a child while the house whose the women is not employed having more than 2 even mothers are under 24 years. In this way due to the unemployment youth women who are married are compelled to live the life of machine which only produces and produces child. This happens so because the unemployed young married women are said to be dependent upon their husbands for money and money is given when she is ready to give sexual pleasure to her husband.
4. Gap between wants and fulfill of wants
The dream of every youth is to have good food, beautiful house. This is true for both the educated and uneducated youth. While the educated youths want to study in reputed university taking different subjects. In order to get good food, beautiful house, good education more money should be spent. Due to unemployment, money can not be earned to fulfill these wants. There is a proverb in Nepali i.e. "There is Gold in Lhasa but my ear is without ring". In that case this proverb and real life becomes same. Overall these consequences lead a youth to be isolated and to forget these and he becomes either drug addicted or a terrorists. This is a real fact. In our society we can see many youngsters of my age being kept in rehabilitation centers as on evidence we can focus on news of Nepal, where more than 4,008 youths are returned back to home after approval by UNMIN for not to being able to of Maoist party.
(b) Effect on Nepal
1) Brain Drain
For being a developed nation, new visions and planning are needed. Only youths especially educated possess such visions and plans. But due to unemployment and continuous political unstability, many youths are attracted towards foreign countries. They are compelled to leave nation in order to search fashionable job and good education. Similarly uneducated youths go to country like Malasyia, Saudi Arabia in order to get jobs. For example every year more than 11,000 youngsters go to U.S.A in order to achieve higher education and job. And according to U.S.Governments Nepal falls among 11 countries from where greater population of students comes to U.S. annually. Data of youths going to U.K. and other developed countries is not clear as that in U.S. This matter is serious because country is not only loosing 11,000 youths annually but it is loosing 11,000 brains that could create newer visions and new plans and there is no guarantee that all of them return to home until they are young. Data of educated student is such and population of young workers going to Saudi, Qatar is countless. So I can say that my nation is loosing both brain and strong hands to work at a time. When going to foreign they take money with them. That means property is going out of country..
In that case nation is sure to face a human resource problem. Due to brain drain, proper planning can not be formed and if formed implementation of it remains doubtful. According to Tribhuvan International Airport office, daily on an average 7oo youth fly to foreign countries. In rural areas, there are only child and old, persons who can not provide anything to nation either physically or mentally, are available. If this trend of brain drain continues, future of nation is still darker and who will be the leaders of Nepal after 30 years from today? Who will lead us? Are generally raised 2 questions.
ii. Unemployed youth: A Threat to Democracy and Human Rights
In one hand country is in transition phase and on other hand, youth unemployment percentage is high. In that case youths are used by different political parties in order to achieve aim of parties. Youngsters are grouped into different youth groups affiliated with different political parties such as Youth Communist League, Nepal, Youth force, and Tarun Dasta etc.
These youth groups belong to different political parties. Works of these youth groups are seen destructive rather than constructive. In democracy, existence of all vision, plan and group is accepted. But in my nation, one of these groups is used by mother parties in order to permit existence of other parties in that area. Due to gang fight between any of these youth groups, many youngsters are killed and many have lost their functional organs of body. Not only gangs are facing problems but even ordinary youngsters are facing these problem. Youth behaving in the principle of one political party can not enter to village by works of youths of another political party. Not only these, these youths are used by different parties to capture land and house of other peoples believing in different political parties. This type of activities of youth is in oppositions to the general principle of democracy and human rights. But this is their compulsion. By doing so, they get money to spend their life.
iii. Involvement of Youth in Illegal Works
The horn of 'one-horned Rhino' is precious and one can get heavy money if sold. The population of one-horned rhino before 4-5 years ago was higher than today. But today population of one horned rhino is decreasing. The rhinos are either killed for horn or died. But in arresting the peoples, the youths are found to do such activities. This is just an example. Many youngsters are involved in illegal business of duplicate money, drugs, thieving of statue from Temple, bank rubbery etc . . .
c. Effects on Local Community/Town
I. Young Prostitution
. "Baadi" tribe in my community is that tribe in which, the young female of age 15-20 years are made involve in sexual activities. By making involve these girls in unsafe sex behaviours, their family gets money due to which they spend their life. Due to involvement in their sex behaviours, young ladies are found to be attacked by HIV/AIDS. This is just an example but there are thousand of young females involving in prostitution. They may be both educated and uneducated.
ii. Involvement of Youth in Unmanaged Plotting of Lands
Today the business of plotting lands for selling is proven quite successful. This is good for because less sweat is needed to find land in order to buy. But now days I am seeing fertile lands are even plotted to sell. In my community, fertile agriculture land is broken into small pieces and sold. This is not only the problem of my society but of my nation as whole where the fertile cultivated lands of major cities are under plotting and in this business, youngster are also involved. I think if this rate of plotting of cultivable lands continues where to grow crops? Will be a common question. It is not possible that in lack of cultivable lands due to plotting business, the condition where one kills his/her hunger by eating other human being is not impossible to come to my community/my nation.
iii. Human Trafficking/Girl Trafficking
Due to unemployment and political transition, young peoples are in need of job. In other hands due to weak capacity of administration, various agents for girl trafficking are present in our community. They attract gentle young girls and boys of rural area saying they will get fashionable job if he/she goes with them. With the girls, they practice the drama of artificial marriage and bring them in Bombay 'India' where these innocent girls are sold for prostitution and these agents receive money. While the younger people are sent to the countries like Iraq where the Nepal government has banned to send the Nepali labor. In such countries they face different struggles. Before 4-5 years ago 12 Nepali younger men were killed by a Muslim gang named 'Al-sunna'. It was quite dreadful. The similar events are still happening in our society. Actually these 12 Nepali youths were sent there by various agents. That was also a result of youth unemployment in own land. Not only these but many youngsters are brought to different countries where their organs of body like liver, kidney are removed from body and sold. Thus `Human Rights Watch` had warned Nepal towards that before one year ago.
iv. Involvement of Youth in Crime and Drug Addiction
v. Youth unemployment: A Threat to Stable Society.
The youths of todays are the parents of tomorrow, leaders in tomorrow. When youths fall in bad habits due to unemployment due to above reasons, then this creates direct effect on society. Malthus had said that when the population becomes higher, then there is struggle for food, land and every facility which in turn results in the condition when nature itself burst. In the same way in the community like mine where the youth unemployment is higher, fight between youths for small opportunity, food, water, health service becomes necessary. In that competition certain population may get facilities but the youths who do not get any opportunity are compelled to raise gun in the name of food and in the name of employment. This is not fiction but real fact. This type of phenomenon ultimately keeps stable society under threat. For example many youths practice ban robbery in order to find money for livelihoods. This type of news becomes heading of National dailies frequently.
Role of Youths
An educated youth in countries like Nepal where youth unemployment problem is prominent can do very responsible things. We do not have to think of establishing a helicopter company that will provide employment to millions of youth and implementation of practical knowledge we have, is enough for eradicating youth unemployment. I also work in organization named 'Peace for Development' in Sindhuli district. Being worked in that organization, several knowledge's are gained. Today our road is covered with the polyethylene plastics, fields of universities are also covered with polythene plastics. Not only these, but even in hospital areas we can see the polyethylene bag here and there. These polyethylene bags can be a means of earning money if we youth focus on these. The polyethylene plastics can be used in formation of hands knitted ladies bags, flower, baskets etc. These materials are just examples that we can manufacture from the polyethylene. As thus made materials look beautiful these materials can be brought to local market or tourist area where these materials can be sold.
By selling there materials some money can be earned. We had organized a training program to teach the unemployed youth about the manufacture of baskets, flower and ladies bag from these polyethylene plastics. Some of the youth women who attended training are saying that they are earning an average money of NRs. 500/day ($1= NRs. 73). This means they are earning monthly average money of $205.5 approx. This type of projects has two benefits one is that unemployed youth either they are man or woman can be engaged and they can earn money and second is that the degradation of environment caused due to the haphazardly throwing of plastic can be prevented i.e. the beauty of nature can be conserved. By this type of project the soul of sustainable development can be achieved. The training was organized by our organization `Peace for Development`. Actually this organization is youth led organization established on the effort of youths of diverse fields e.g. I am an agriculture students, others are from forestry, engineering etc. why youth should organize such plastic training program can be a possible question. This is because we are the youth of that generation who have to achieve the millennium development goals and conservation of our environment is also necessary. In the training more than 80 young women had participated. More than 50 are engaged in that business. For collecting polyethylene plastic a group of young women who are unemployed is made and collection is made on the daily routine basis. The manufacture process of useful materials is very easy. Management for the transport of these manufactured materials is done by our organizations. Main market of these products is local town and headquarters of zone. While doing these types of works, helps of other youth led organization becomes necessary as our organization which is just established may not have all the technical and financial resources. In that case the peers can make broader these types of fields and networking of organization can be formed by the virtue of which demand of organization can be fulfilled and the focus of the other organization can also be brought towards these. The monthly earning of $205.5 takes an important meaning in a society where thousands of youths are not able to earn $1/day. From price of $205.5 the fundamental needs of family having 6 members can be fulfilled and this creates a platform for the newer generation to think ahead of this. Not only this we can collaborate with various international and national agencies in bringing the developmental works. For example my district 'Sindhuli' is well known for the production of 'Sweet orange' and 'Orange' over nation. There was not any storehouse of these fruits before. But we are in process of establishing 'fruit store house' in head quarters of my district. The Japanese International Co-operation Association (JICA) has agreed to provide financial assistance. The agreement was signed by the Japanese Ambassador to Nepal and president of `Sindhuli Sweet Orange association`. Some of youths are already in Japan to learn about the techniques and manufacture of quality juice from sweet orange. After the formation of this storehouse, we have believed that youth unemployment can be decreased to some extent. The 'Sindhuli sweet orange association' is also led by youth.
Problems of Youth in Labor Market
:
• Difference in Wage:
Although, youngsters do same work as is done by the older, they get fewer wages. In case of young women, she gets as half as her colleagues male youth get. This is serious problem. This has created fraction among the labors and appreciation of work is not found.
• Socio-economic Barriers
Our traditional society is such that only youths capable of driving pen is regarded as youth and the labor youths are watched as a third persons. This is in directly opposition to human rights. If the children of someone play with child of labors, then the parents of former tell their children not to play with child of labor. Similarly the labor youths are regarded as bad person in the society.
• Unlimited Boundary of Works with in Limited Boundary of Money
I have heard that human needs 8 hours of works, 8 hours of entertainment, and 8 hours of sleep. But in t hotels or companies' youths even of age 15 years, who has not understood to live and the meaning of life, is made compelled to work for 14 hours/day. In return he/she will get only to low quality food to eat, but he will never get a TV to watch and a book to study.
Tacking Difficulties in Accessing Capital
In a developing nation like Nepal where these is lack of capital, it is quite difficult to get money to start a business or to establish an organization by youth. Only after reaching 18 years, a youth becomes citizen of the nation. So before becoming citizen there is no chance to get service, financial aid from the governmental sectors. But youths who are over 18 years can start business. Let me describe again about the 'Sindhuli Sweet Orange Association'. It was established by youths of age 18-20 years some years ago. Firstly members of the association paid some money. But later they urged local peoples to help them. So my family also gave them some money to start up organization. In 'Tihar', a second greatest festival of Hindu, a special rituals 'Deusi' is played where a group of youths dance, sing in front of houses and in turn they get money from the house owner. Youth members of that association also did that in order to get money for organization. This trend continued for 4-5 years. According to them, that practices became quite beneficial to them. After collecting some money, association started to store orange' and sweet orange in small house made in small price. Later they started to manufacture juice from these fruits on the basis of local knowledge and equipments. Now these products are sold in district and even in capital Kathmandu. Now the organization is to establish a big store station on aid of JICA, Nepal. So for accessing the money to start any business needs continued works, help of locals as well as other international organizations.
References
•http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/kailash/pdf/kailash_16_0304_02.pdf
•http://advocacynet.org/wordpress-mu/imehmood/blog/2009/07/10/women-in-nepal-face-discrimination-from-the-womb/
• For work of My organization `Peace for Development` and `Sindhuli Sweet Orange Assosciation email can be sent at pfdnepal@gmail.com as these do not have websites.
• http://www.unmin.org.np/?d=activities&p=arms
•http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/sep2004/iraq-s02.shtml
•linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1049007807000577
•www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/horizons/traffickingsum1.pdf
• www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/terroristoutfits/jtmmj.html
•http://www.cctv.com/video/asiatoday/2007/01/asiatoday_128_20070119_2.shtml
Youths are actually the pillars who give the shape to any nation, community. The history is proof that for every positive change in society, youths have played a top role. So their skills, knowledge should be considered. In case of Nepal there 1.5 million of youth major fractions of them are unemployed. Due to the lack of ample sources of employment, they are involved in drug addiction, crime and other illegal activities. Not only have these the unemployed youths are used by different political parties either in the name of YCL (Young Communist League, Nepal or Youth Force. The activities of these youth groups like firing of news paper, strikes are serious and are in opposition to the fundamentals human rights. The consequences is that everyday heavy mass of young educated and uneducated youth are leaving community, nation to foreign countries in order to find job. The youth drain rate is so enormous that a general Nepali is questioning who will lead Nepal after 30 years. Now it is time to think towards that. Youth like me can co-operate with local peoples, international organization to access money to start business and to provide employment. One example can be selling the useful material (e.g. flowers, basket etc) made from polyethylene plastics which is here and there. By such project, youth unemployment can be decreased to some extent and my organization can be an example.. But for that we should appreciate the labor of youth and Government should help the youth entrepreneur.
Keywords: Pillars, Political parties, lead, international agencies, project, polyethylene plastics, YCL
Introduction
Youth is what, that is described as follows
'Youth is like a fire
Crept forward
A spark at first
Growing into a flame
The brightening into a Blaze.
Youth are the future of any nation and the partners of today. They are peoples of age 15-24 years. They are important for any nation because history is proof that in every positive a negative transformation of country is led by youth peoples. For example in French revolution, USA revolution, Nepal's revolution for republic, the role of youth lies in top position. They played top role in these positives change as they have warm blood by virtue of which transformation of this world into a heaven is the dream of every youth. In Nepal, population of youth is 65% of total population of nation. But peoples of these age groups are seeking job. Today every youth has dream to get a fashionable job and to spend prosperous life. So in search of handsome job, we see many youths moving to one place form another place. Some are employed but still 1.5 million are either unemployed or underemployed. The rate of youth unemployment is increasing. There are several factors that are responsible for youth unemployment in my society as well as in my nation.
(1) 12 years of Maoists war
From 1994, Nepal, which was said to bring democracy just in 1989, compelled to emerge in the sea of civil war. There were two parties during that civil war. One was Government and another was Nepal Communist Party Maoists. The initial slogan of that party was to destroy old kingship and to establish communist rule in country. During war many lost their lives; many lost their beloved children, husband, wife and other relatives. Many young peoples were compelled to migrate from the Maoists vulnerable place to safe place. The safe place was urban area to some extent. In that way population of town, city like Katmandu increased, due to limited sources of employment, employment demand became quite higher than employment opportunities available. This happened because youths in town were to survive by earning themselves for they have left their home, properties in villages. That was one impact of the Maoist war on the youth while there was another impact of the war on the youth. That was many young peoples were working in the Government service sectors and security sector. Due to mental pressure from Government and Maoists side, they became compelled to leave the job. In that way my society, nation has higher rate of youth unemployment. During war, industries of sugar, oil, were seriously affected and many of them ended to work. Due to which thousands of poor Nepali youth lost their job. Cause of industries to stop function were probably problems like strikes due to which it was not possible to bring necessary raw materials from neighboring countries. Not only during that war but protests, strikes like problems are still prominent problems of my country, my society. A survey done by an international organization reported that only 12 days in six months were free of any strikes, protests, in whole Nepal. In that case even a man of common sense knows, about difficulties of industries and effects on youth. This trend is not stopped yet. Nation's biggest jute mill 'Biratnagar Jute mill' has stopped working because cadres of different political parties beg money with owner of the mill. Due to that many youths have lost their daily breads. The similar situation is that of many cement, cigarette, and etc. companies. Therefore I think in this case high rate of youth unemployment is not matter of amazement. Not only this but different cadres groups like `Gohit Samuha`,`Jwala samuha ` are still in our nation. Due to this the youths working in the Terai are either migrated or left the job..
(2) Political instability
Although my country is in peace process, there are still political conflicts between different parties. No one knows what happens in future. Due to rude behaviours of cadres of political parties, investors are frightened to invest money in newer ways of economy. Many multinational companies have already left my nation. For example international company of famous tooth pastes brands 'Colgate' was heard to leave nation 3-4 months ago .This has impact on youth. Leaving of one company means subtraction of one ways to earn money. This is of prime importance in countries like Nepal, where no. of bigger companies are fewer.
(3) Use of Traditional Knowledge and Lack of Modern Knowledge in Agriculture
Agriculture is main basis of economy of my nation and society in which 80% peoples are involved and it contributes 40% to the total national GDP. Agriculture sector has still more potential to employ youth if certain positive steps are taken towards that, Agriculture is the main sectors of employment. But agriculture is mainly of subsistence type and not durable. The establishment of agriculture enterprise, farm enterprise is found in less number as it should be in an agricultural country. Today's youth employment rate can be decreased if agriculture practices are transformed into commercial form. For example my county is the country where the livestock density is highest in whole Asia. But is importing cheese, ghee and other dairy related food materials. If these food materials are manufactured in Nepal in industrial level then number of unemployed youths can be decreased.
(4) Lack of Youths in Decision Making Process
Only youth knows problems of other youths. Either in cabinet or in national planning commission, there is dominance of old peoples who usually not bring programs that answers needs of youth. Old peoples were once young so thinking this they should bring youth favorable programs but when they become old and reach in planning position they only use youths to fulfill their needs either in the name of political ideology. National education system is such bad that it focuses on theoretical knowledge rather than practical and technical knowledge. In countries where government can generate enough employment opportunities, theoretical knowledge will be better but in case of my society, my nation where only 5, 00,000 peoples are employed in the governmental sectors, the education system should be of applied type and technical, which is not. In colleges youths are compelled to memorize each and every line in books but they are not taught where theme of these should be applied in order to make him self employed or to open door of employment.
Consequences
A. Effect to an Individual Member of Society
1. Psychological Effects
In a society/nation where more youths are unemployed, each individual member or citizen become frustrated with the status of community. Sometime and he/she figures out politician/ teachers or others as a cause for that and sometimes he finds himself as a reason of youth unemployment. But in deed he is compelled to live to live. This is so because in my society where parents teachers/keep their child thinking that after study, he will earn money and serve them. But when the younger do not get any job, they see the whole worlds ruining but do not find any sustainable solutions of that in that case many youths are compelled to suicide.
2. Trouble to Young Women
Nepalese society is male dominated society. Population of young employed female is less than the population of young employed male although the total population of young female is greater than young male. This is probably due to paternal attitude in society. The married/unmarried female who are employed is behaved in superior way then the unemployed women. The married unemployment women have to live in house limiting in the daily household works and in involving in child bearing activities. I have seen the house, where the women is employed, having only a child while the house whose the women is not employed having more than 2 even mothers are under 24 years. In this way due to the unemployment youth women who are married are compelled to live the life of machine which only produces and produces child. This happens so because the unemployed young married women are said to be dependent upon their husbands for money and money is given when she is ready to give sexual pleasure to her husband.
4. Gap between wants and fulfill of wants
The dream of every youth is to have good food, beautiful house. This is true for both the educated and uneducated youth. While the educated youths want to study in reputed university taking different subjects. In order to get good food, beautiful house, good education more money should be spent. Due to unemployment, money can not be earned to fulfill these wants. There is a proverb in Nepali i.e. "There is Gold in Lhasa but my ear is without ring". In that case this proverb and real life becomes same. Overall these consequences lead a youth to be isolated and to forget these and he becomes either drug addicted or a terrorists. This is a real fact. In our society we can see many youngsters of my age being kept in rehabilitation centers as on evidence we can focus on news of Nepal, where more than 4,008 youths are returned back to home after approval by UNMIN for not to being able to of Maoist party.
(b) Effect on Nepal
1) Brain Drain
For being a developed nation, new visions and planning are needed. Only youths especially educated possess such visions and plans. But due to unemployment and continuous political unstability, many youths are attracted towards foreign countries. They are compelled to leave nation in order to search fashionable job and good education. Similarly uneducated youths go to country like Malasyia, Saudi Arabia in order to get jobs. For example every year more than 11,000 youngsters go to U.S.A in order to achieve higher education and job. And according to U.S.Governments Nepal falls among 11 countries from where greater population of students comes to U.S. annually. Data of youths going to U.K. and other developed countries is not clear as that in U.S. This matter is serious because country is not only loosing 11,000 youths annually but it is loosing 11,000 brains that could create newer visions and new plans and there is no guarantee that all of them return to home until they are young. Data of educated student is such and population of young workers going to Saudi, Qatar is countless. So I can say that my nation is loosing both brain and strong hands to work at a time. When going to foreign they take money with them. That means property is going out of country..
In that case nation is sure to face a human resource problem. Due to brain drain, proper planning can not be formed and if formed implementation of it remains doubtful. According to Tribhuvan International Airport office, daily on an average 7oo youth fly to foreign countries. In rural areas, there are only child and old, persons who can not provide anything to nation either physically or mentally, are available. If this trend of brain drain continues, future of nation is still darker and who will be the leaders of Nepal after 30 years from today? Who will lead us? Are generally raised 2 questions.
ii. Unemployed youth: A Threat to Democracy and Human Rights
In one hand country is in transition phase and on other hand, youth unemployment percentage is high. In that case youths are used by different political parties in order to achieve aim of parties. Youngsters are grouped into different youth groups affiliated with different political parties such as Youth Communist League, Nepal, Youth force, and Tarun Dasta etc.
These youth groups belong to different political parties. Works of these youth groups are seen destructive rather than constructive. In democracy, existence of all vision, plan and group is accepted. But in my nation, one of these groups is used by mother parties in order to permit existence of other parties in that area. Due to gang fight between any of these youth groups, many youngsters are killed and many have lost their functional organs of body. Not only gangs are facing problems but even ordinary youngsters are facing these problem. Youth behaving in the principle of one political party can not enter to village by works of youths of another political party. Not only these, these youths are used by different parties to capture land and house of other peoples believing in different political parties. This type of activities of youth is in oppositions to the general principle of democracy and human rights. But this is their compulsion. By doing so, they get money to spend their life.
iii. Involvement of Youth in Illegal Works
The horn of 'one-horned Rhino' is precious and one can get heavy money if sold. The population of one-horned rhino before 4-5 years ago was higher than today. But today population of one horned rhino is decreasing. The rhinos are either killed for horn or died. But in arresting the peoples, the youths are found to do such activities. This is just an example. Many youngsters are involved in illegal business of duplicate money, drugs, thieving of statue from Temple, bank rubbery etc . . .
c. Effects on Local Community/Town
I. Young Prostitution
. "Baadi" tribe in my community is that tribe in which, the young female of age 15-20 years are made involve in sexual activities. By making involve these girls in unsafe sex behaviours, their family gets money due to which they spend their life. Due to involvement in their sex behaviours, young ladies are found to be attacked by HIV/AIDS. This is just an example but there are thousand of young females involving in prostitution. They may be both educated and uneducated.
ii. Involvement of Youth in Unmanaged Plotting of Lands
Today the business of plotting lands for selling is proven quite successful. This is good for because less sweat is needed to find land in order to buy. But now days I am seeing fertile lands are even plotted to sell. In my community, fertile agriculture land is broken into small pieces and sold. This is not only the problem of my society but of my nation as whole where the fertile cultivated lands of major cities are under plotting and in this business, youngster are also involved. I think if this rate of plotting of cultivable lands continues where to grow crops? Will be a common question. It is not possible that in lack of cultivable lands due to plotting business, the condition where one kills his/her hunger by eating other human being is not impossible to come to my community/my nation.
iii. Human Trafficking/Girl Trafficking
Due to unemployment and political transition, young peoples are in need of job. In other hands due to weak capacity of administration, various agents for girl trafficking are present in our community. They attract gentle young girls and boys of rural area saying they will get fashionable job if he/she goes with them. With the girls, they practice the drama of artificial marriage and bring them in Bombay 'India' where these innocent girls are sold for prostitution and these agents receive money. While the younger people are sent to the countries like Iraq where the Nepal government has banned to send the Nepali labor. In such countries they face different struggles. Before 4-5 years ago 12 Nepali younger men were killed by a Muslim gang named 'Al-sunna'. It was quite dreadful. The similar events are still happening in our society. Actually these 12 Nepali youths were sent there by various agents. That was also a result of youth unemployment in own land. Not only these but many youngsters are brought to different countries where their organs of body like liver, kidney are removed from body and sold. Thus `Human Rights Watch` had warned Nepal towards that before one year ago.
iv. Involvement of Youth in Crime and Drug Addiction
v. Youth unemployment: A Threat to Stable Society.
The youths of todays are the parents of tomorrow, leaders in tomorrow. When youths fall in bad habits due to unemployment due to above reasons, then this creates direct effect on society. Malthus had said that when the population becomes higher, then there is struggle for food, land and every facility which in turn results in the condition when nature itself burst. In the same way in the community like mine where the youth unemployment is higher, fight between youths for small opportunity, food, water, health service becomes necessary. In that competition certain population may get facilities but the youths who do not get any opportunity are compelled to raise gun in the name of food and in the name of employment. This is not fiction but real fact. This type of phenomenon ultimately keeps stable society under threat. For example many youths practice ban robbery in order to find money for livelihoods. This type of news becomes heading of National dailies frequently.
Role of Youths
An educated youth in countries like Nepal where youth unemployment problem is prominent can do very responsible things. We do not have to think of establishing a helicopter company that will provide employment to millions of youth and implementation of practical knowledge we have, is enough for eradicating youth unemployment. I also work in organization named 'Peace for Development' in Sindhuli district. Being worked in that organization, several knowledge's are gained. Today our road is covered with the polyethylene plastics, fields of universities are also covered with polythene plastics. Not only these, but even in hospital areas we can see the polyethylene bag here and there. These polyethylene bags can be a means of earning money if we youth focus on these. The polyethylene plastics can be used in formation of hands knitted ladies bags, flower, baskets etc. These materials are just examples that we can manufacture from the polyethylene. As thus made materials look beautiful these materials can be brought to local market or tourist area where these materials can be sold.
By selling there materials some money can be earned. We had organized a training program to teach the unemployed youth about the manufacture of baskets, flower and ladies bag from these polyethylene plastics. Some of the youth women who attended training are saying that they are earning an average money of NRs. 500/day ($1= NRs. 73). This means they are earning monthly average money of $205.5 approx. This type of projects has two benefits one is that unemployed youth either they are man or woman can be engaged and they can earn money and second is that the degradation of environment caused due to the haphazardly throwing of plastic can be prevented i.e. the beauty of nature can be conserved. By this type of project the soul of sustainable development can be achieved. The training was organized by our organization `Peace for Development`. Actually this organization is youth led organization established on the effort of youths of diverse fields e.g. I am an agriculture students, others are from forestry, engineering etc. why youth should organize such plastic training program can be a possible question. This is because we are the youth of that generation who have to achieve the millennium development goals and conservation of our environment is also necessary. In the training more than 80 young women had participated. More than 50 are engaged in that business. For collecting polyethylene plastic a group of young women who are unemployed is made and collection is made on the daily routine basis. The manufacture process of useful materials is very easy. Management for the transport of these manufactured materials is done by our organizations. Main market of these products is local town and headquarters of zone. While doing these types of works, helps of other youth led organization becomes necessary as our organization which is just established may not have all the technical and financial resources. In that case the peers can make broader these types of fields and networking of organization can be formed by the virtue of which demand of organization can be fulfilled and the focus of the other organization can also be brought towards these. The monthly earning of $205.5 takes an important meaning in a society where thousands of youths are not able to earn $1/day. From price of $205.5 the fundamental needs of family having 6 members can be fulfilled and this creates a platform for the newer generation to think ahead of this. Not only this we can collaborate with various international and national agencies in bringing the developmental works. For example my district 'Sindhuli' is well known for the production of 'Sweet orange' and 'Orange' over nation. There was not any storehouse of these fruits before. But we are in process of establishing 'fruit store house' in head quarters of my district. The Japanese International Co-operation Association (JICA) has agreed to provide financial assistance. The agreement was signed by the Japanese Ambassador to Nepal and president of `Sindhuli Sweet Orange association`. Some of youths are already in Japan to learn about the techniques and manufacture of quality juice from sweet orange. After the formation of this storehouse, we have believed that youth unemployment can be decreased to some extent. The 'Sindhuli sweet orange association' is also led by youth.
Problems of Youth in Labor Market
:
• Difference in Wage:
Although, youngsters do same work as is done by the older, they get fewer wages. In case of young women, she gets as half as her colleagues male youth get. This is serious problem. This has created fraction among the labors and appreciation of work is not found.
• Socio-economic Barriers
Our traditional society is such that only youths capable of driving pen is regarded as youth and the labor youths are watched as a third persons. This is in directly opposition to human rights. If the children of someone play with child of labors, then the parents of former tell their children not to play with child of labor. Similarly the labor youths are regarded as bad person in the society.
• Unlimited Boundary of Works with in Limited Boundary of Money
I have heard that human needs 8 hours of works, 8 hours of entertainment, and 8 hours of sleep. But in t hotels or companies' youths even of age 15 years, who has not understood to live and the meaning of life, is made compelled to work for 14 hours/day. In return he/she will get only to low quality food to eat, but he will never get a TV to watch and a book to study.
Tacking Difficulties in Accessing Capital
In a developing nation like Nepal where these is lack of capital, it is quite difficult to get money to start a business or to establish an organization by youth. Only after reaching 18 years, a youth becomes citizen of the nation. So before becoming citizen there is no chance to get service, financial aid from the governmental sectors. But youths who are over 18 years can start business. Let me describe again about the 'Sindhuli Sweet Orange Association'. It was established by youths of age 18-20 years some years ago. Firstly members of the association paid some money. But later they urged local peoples to help them. So my family also gave them some money to start up organization. In 'Tihar', a second greatest festival of Hindu, a special rituals 'Deusi' is played where a group of youths dance, sing in front of houses and in turn they get money from the house owner. Youth members of that association also did that in order to get money for organization. This trend continued for 4-5 years. According to them, that practices became quite beneficial to them. After collecting some money, association started to store orange' and sweet orange in small house made in small price. Later they started to manufacture juice from these fruits on the basis of local knowledge and equipments. Now these products are sold in district and even in capital Kathmandu. Now the organization is to establish a big store station on aid of JICA, Nepal. So for accessing the money to start any business needs continued works, help of locals as well as other international organizations.
References
•http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/kailash/pdf/kailash_16_0304_02.pdf
•http://advocacynet.org/wordpress-mu/imehmood/blog/2009/07/10/women-in-nepal-face-discrimination-from-the-womb/
• For work of My organization `Peace for Development` and `Sindhuli Sweet Orange Assosciation email can be sent at pfdnepal@gmail.com as these do not have websites.
• http://www.unmin.org.np/?d=activities&p=arms
•http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/sep2004/iraq-s02.shtml
•linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1049007807000577
•www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/horizons/traffickingsum1.pdf
• www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/terroristoutfits/jtmmj.html
•http://www.cctv.com/video/asiatoday/2007/01/asiatoday_128_20070119_2.shtml
My Vision of Peaceful and harmonious Society
Peace is better defined as
`` The lush green grounds and the bluish sky,
overwhelming flowers passing by
golden trees with succulent fruits hanging
with their binding roots.
The paradise of trust and affection with
no hatred and no tension.
The winds of peace prevail on the ground,
good relationships are around.
People walk with their head turned high,
without fear and without cry.
Thus peace does not mean only end of human violence but also nature conservation. I think peace conserves nature with removing violence.
Today, world is in such critical condition, where there is conflicts in almost every part of the world. Either in USA or in Nepal, there is violence in every society, directly or indirectly. I think main reasons for violence is lack of co-ordination between peoples from different castes, religion within a nation and also between different nations for solving common agenda. Peace is not itself remedy of problems like food security, climate change etc...But peace creates a way to solve these problems. Today poor nations are because, in lack of peace, development has not got chance to get a solid shape and this ultimately is affecting peace of society. I think mainly peace in world is controlled by 1) Access of peoples from different groups in decision making position 2) Access to food, employment 3) Access of citizens to natural resources 4) How much the marginal and poor peoples are facilitated by Government 5) Religion, caste difference tolerance 6) How much the gap between rich and poor peoples is7) Foreign interference .So to keep a society, peaceful, these factors should be addressed and for addressing these, peace is necessary. Thus the key factors and peace are interrelated.
In case of this globalize village, peace and harmony are being major issues. So everyone must know value of peace. Until peoples aren't aware of their boundaries, peace in society is always threatened. So it is necessary to make aware peoples about how violence and crime is ruining world. If there is peace in society/world, it will be a great opportunity for investors and governments to invest money for establishing business and to address poor and there will be more chance of fulfilling fundamental needs for life because in violence, winner is always stronger and wreakers are always pressed. But if there is peace and harmony in society, all peoples will have equal chance.
Role of Youths
Youths are pillars of nation and we i.e. youths are sure to face more problems for peace establishment of peace in society as compared to our former generations as condition is being complicated. Firstly, I think many peoples are still unknown of what, peace is and how it benefits them? So first thing we can do is to make aware peoples about peace. For this various media like newspapers, radio, television or FM, can be used. Broadcasting own contributions via these mediums will also be helpful for peace establishment in society. As an educated youth, my different articles about peace, politics and societies have been published in different level of newspapers as these contributions can change peoples mind towards peace. There is another thing that we can do. That is educated youths like us may establish youth organization and may bring different productive programs in co-ordination with governments and NGOs so that unemployed peoples can not be diverted towards dirty game for earning money. We have established `Peace for Development`, a youth led organization in Sindhuli district. Since its establishment, it has been doing many works for peace. Recently we had organized a football programs between the peoples called as lower race and peoples called as higher races to lessen the untouchable system as it is also one of major obstacles for peace in Nepalese society. At least during the game periods, the peoples both group taken food together sitting with each other and touching each other. In general, peoples of higher race don't take food with those from lower class. Another option can be networking within one nation and within the world. As this is era of internet, there are many youth organization across the world. We can share our views for peace and prosperous world. Youths from one region can have more experience for conflict management, peace bringing than in another region. So fusion of different ideas can take the form of vigorous ideas for peace maintenance in society.
Conclusion
Peace is a fundamental need as much as food is for life. Happy life and identity of humanity is possible only when world is peace so youth being the pillar must try to retain peace in society. Sharing knowledge, organizing different peace bringing programs, by youths will be surely helpful for peace in societies as well as in world.
`` The lush green grounds and the bluish sky,
overwhelming flowers passing by
golden trees with succulent fruits hanging
with their binding roots.
The paradise of trust and affection with
no hatred and no tension.
The winds of peace prevail on the ground,
good relationships are around.
People walk with their head turned high,
without fear and without cry.
Thus peace does not mean only end of human violence but also nature conservation. I think peace conserves nature with removing violence.
Today, world is in such critical condition, where there is conflicts in almost every part of the world. Either in USA or in Nepal, there is violence in every society, directly or indirectly. I think main reasons for violence is lack of co-ordination between peoples from different castes, religion within a nation and also between different nations for solving common agenda. Peace is not itself remedy of problems like food security, climate change etc...But peace creates a way to solve these problems. Today poor nations are because, in lack of peace, development has not got chance to get a solid shape and this ultimately is affecting peace of society. I think mainly peace in world is controlled by 1) Access of peoples from different groups in decision making position 2) Access to food, employment 3) Access of citizens to natural resources 4) How much the marginal and poor peoples are facilitated by Government 5) Religion, caste difference tolerance 6) How much the gap between rich and poor peoples is7) Foreign interference .So to keep a society, peaceful, these factors should be addressed and for addressing these, peace is necessary. Thus the key factors and peace are interrelated.
In case of this globalize village, peace and harmony are being major issues. So everyone must know value of peace. Until peoples aren't aware of their boundaries, peace in society is always threatened. So it is necessary to make aware peoples about how violence and crime is ruining world. If there is peace in society/world, it will be a great opportunity for investors and governments to invest money for establishing business and to address poor and there will be more chance of fulfilling fundamental needs for life because in violence, winner is always stronger and wreakers are always pressed. But if there is peace and harmony in society, all peoples will have equal chance.
Role of Youths
Youths are pillars of nation and we i.e. youths are sure to face more problems for peace establishment of peace in society as compared to our former generations as condition is being complicated. Firstly, I think many peoples are still unknown of what, peace is and how it benefits them? So first thing we can do is to make aware peoples about peace. For this various media like newspapers, radio, television or FM, can be used. Broadcasting own contributions via these mediums will also be helpful for peace establishment in society. As an educated youth, my different articles about peace, politics and societies have been published in different level of newspapers as these contributions can change peoples mind towards peace. There is another thing that we can do. That is educated youths like us may establish youth organization and may bring different productive programs in co-ordination with governments and NGOs so that unemployed peoples can not be diverted towards dirty game for earning money. We have established `Peace for Development`, a youth led organization in Sindhuli district. Since its establishment, it has been doing many works for peace. Recently we had organized a football programs between the peoples called as lower race and peoples called as higher races to lessen the untouchable system as it is also one of major obstacles for peace in Nepalese society. At least during the game periods, the peoples both group taken food together sitting with each other and touching each other. In general, peoples of higher race don't take food with those from lower class. Another option can be networking within one nation and within the world. As this is era of internet, there are many youth organization across the world. We can share our views for peace and prosperous world. Youths from one region can have more experience for conflict management, peace bringing than in another region. So fusion of different ideas can take the form of vigorous ideas for peace maintenance in society.
Conclusion
Peace is a fundamental need as much as food is for life. Happy life and identity of humanity is possible only when world is peace so youth being the pillar must try to retain peace in society. Sharing knowledge, organizing different peace bringing programs, by youths will be surely helpful for peace in societies as well as in world.
Democracy in Nepal
Abstract
Journey of Nepal towards democracy from 1991 AD to today, is not satiasfactory.Although people's expectation is very wide, but they say that poor peoples should get food, education, clothes.Similarly mid and rich peoples want social security so that they could invest money for establishing private enterprises. They want to see these things ensured in the democratic constitution of Nepal that is in course of formation. Democracy seems incapable to address the issues like corruption, insecurity and unemployment etc...Due to system of sharing among major political parties for major post in different sectors like university, hospital, transportation etc., democracy is weakening and so the nationality is. Problems like unemployment, poverty, crime are same as before with only some progress. Gap between rich and poor is very wide and is increasing and Nepal is the 2nd country after China in Asia where this gap is wide, because democracy is in still in hands of certain level of peoples. Peoples belonging beyond this class are not facilitated by democracy. But during these periods of democratic journey, due to establishment of private enterprise in huge numbers, it has progressed in many sectors like education, medicine, GDP share to the world etc...Similarly lifestyles of citizens have been increased significantly. There are no more good results of this journey except the free market, and private enterprises which are main reasons for progress in those sectors, in which Nepal is going up.
Introduction
Democracy is that political system in which power is in people's hand. Famous American president Abraham Lincoln had said that democracy is the political system by the people, for the people and to the people. This means every aspects and elements in democracy is led by peoples in contrast to a communist system and other authotarian system, in which rule is done by one people and is controlled by different armed forces. Freedom in establishing private enterprise, press freedom, human rights, freedom in changing the religion, access to education, health services, food etc., are all general bases for democracy. In other words, democracy is system in which even a boy born in a poor family, can be a leader in society.Generally,democracy may be defined according to the geographic condition, peoples status in country(poor, rich).For example the democratic system which is adopted in USA,India may not be applicable in Nepal because of its several limitation. In context of Nepal, there have been many revolutions starting from 1950AD to achieve a democratic system. But due to illiteracy, inability of leaders and due to location between two power countries i.e. India and China, it has not still achieved stability yet. After the removal of Monarchy in 2008, Nepal is currently in course of formation of new democratic constitution formation. But due to the regular conflicts between political parties for getting chair, democracy is in doubt to be flourished. Due to regular interference of India on its political journey, regular strike, corruption and, conflicts between youths belonging to different political parties, many peoples have started to think that Nepal is going to be as Afghanistan of 1990AD and some peoples are thinking it will be a failure country. However by extending the life of constitution assembly, the hope of peoples for getting democratic constitution has not yet died.
Citizen's Expectation
Every people in nation wish to have easy access to food,clothes,health services, education and everyone wants to have own home and everybody wants to establish own enterprise if he/she has some capital to invest. This holds true especially in case of developing countries like Nepal where still 28% of peoples are still below the national poverty line and many citizens are still bounded to sleep under clear sky due to not having own land and house.Helvetas Nepal reveals that number of such peoples is still higher (www.helvetasnepal.org.np/rbf.htm).In this case these people's expectation from the democracy is food to eat, land to involve in agriculture and a house to stay in so that they do not have to spend night under clear sky. These are expectations of very poor peoples. Let me slightly proceed from this. In 2008AD, Nepal became republic nation and from then Nepali citizens escaped from 240 years of monopoly system. During the kingship, many races and tribes were pressed and their numbers in national decision making position was very low. So many groups are formed either in the name of federalism or for increasing the number of tribal people in such positions now. So the expectations of such peoples are that their identity which was pressed during past should be appreciated. This is political expectation but as mentioned above, poverty, unemployment etc., are the major social problems and citizen wants democratic government solving such problems. ``Baadi`` tribe in Nepal is that tribe, in which women are compelled to be involved in sexual activities and money thus obtained is used for household expenditures. Leaders of this tribe expect that democracy in country will address the unemployment problem so that they can leave this profession, society hates {www.taipeitimes.com/.../2003137266(19 April 2004)}.
As democracy is a rule by the people, for the people, I think if leaders think seriously about these problems, these problems can be surely addressed. In my country, there are many peoples who are capturing many hectares of land, leaving bare and making land as a source of income by plotting. These many hectares of bare land should be captured by Government and thus captured land should be distributed to those not having lands and wanting to be involved in agricultural practices. But if one person is capturing many hectares of land and if he is farming the land, such land should not be captured by the Government. Democracy neither harms rich peoples nor poor ones. But rich peoples in each country pay tax to the Government for the enterprise they are running. In Nepal, tax system is very flexible. Government should avoid such flexibility. Today India has progressed in which tax also plays a major role. So democratic Government in Nepal should avoid tax flexibility and money obtained as tax from those peoples can be used for poor peoples in different sectors like education, health, employment generation, road formation, hydropower generation. As Nepal is second most rich country in water resource in the world. The tax can be invested in hydropower production and electricity left after domestic consumption can be sold to foreign countries. Money obtained from this can again be invested in different sectors for improving the living standards of poor peoples. By doing so the gap between poor and rich peoples decreases and in turns this help for the stability of democracy. As inflation is being main issue nowadays and is about 11%.In this condition the democratic Government must invest on agriculture sectors as Nepal depends upon another countries even for food and as among imported goods, food products occupies major proportion. I think import from other countries, is also a reason for inflation. Besides these Governments should make its agency aware whether problem is created by the local marketers. Besides these, there are many peoples wanting to invest money to establish different enterprise. Democratic government must provide security to them. In addition, Governments must provide other technical and physical support e.g. lands to them. There are many youths who do have skills and brain, muscles to implement the skills. I think Government may bring various popular programs such as self-employment. In democracy only Government can not solve all these problems so private enterprises that are already established, can play a creative role by coordinating with educated peoples in the society, university towards solving present problems
Democracy and Me in My Country
In democracy, it is only ideal that every one is satisfied with the Government and the governance system. But being an educated youth, I am very nervous with the democracy in my country. Since 1950AD, different political ups and downs have been in Nepal in the name of establishing democracy. During this, many lost their lives and many lost their house, family. But all for democracy and stability. Today due to childish behaviors of leaders, country is interfered by India in every political decision (Charu Lata Hogg, June 2010:-The world Today, Volume 66,Number 6,Chatham House, London).In this case how can I be satisfied with democracy. The problem like hunger, unemployment is as same as same as that before with only slightly less as before. The inflation rate is so higher that, for an officer, a salary of one month is tight for one month of expenditures and labors have to work with empty stomach. In this case how millennium development goal is achieved in Nepal, it is a matter of concern. In this condition, corruption is becoming the regular exercise of the Government officers from top to bottom. Recent study by Amnesty International shows that Nepal is the most corrupted country in South Asia. The gap between rich and poor is widening in such a way that rich peoples are becoming more and more rich and poor are being poorer. Democracy is renounced as `Damocracy` in real activities. There is no command of government over security. Killing of famous person even at the day time and even in the capital city is being a normal work but police can do nothing. Leaders are doing leadership and politics but when considered from a general public view, it seems they are doing all for themselves, their relatives and for their party. Even prime minister gives appointment to his brother in post of chief in different agencies although his brother was reported by different news papers as incapable person. This news has made Nepali frustrated with politics and democracy.
Brain drain rate is such huge that when considered to the peoples going to USA only, Nepal falls among the top 11 counmtries,from where peoples come to U.S. in huge number. The data of peoples going to other countries like UK, Saudi Arabia, Quatar, Kubait etc. is not clear. Thus going peoples are of the age 16-35.This means Nepal, although being a democratic nation, is loosing both brain and muscles at a time. If this rate of brain drain still continues, then in Nepal, there will be only old peoples and children, who are dependent. With this, development seems impossible and the probability of more corruption and dominance of bad extremist in governance increases. Social security system is such bad that owners of private companies sometime close the company for giving pressure to the Government demanding security. Many companies are permanently closed. This is mainly because cadres of different political parties beg money with the company owner. If owner rejects to give money, then he might have to face heavy economical and physical loss or even sometime death. Kidnapping and killing of industrialists becomes the main headings in daily newspapers frequently. In this situation satisfaction is only the dream and frustrations are only alternative.
Democratic Government's Responsibility
In Democracy, Government exists to serve peoples. In other words in democracy Government protects the rights of peoples. In return, peoples provide their loyalty to the government. But in authotarian system government demands loyalty from the citizen but in return the Government may or may not protect the people's right. Here people's right means: right to have food, right to have land, right to study, right to involve in social works etc.. These all rights are protected by the Government in democratic constitution. Food is defined as the fundamental need of the citizens in democratic nations. For example in many democratic nations, if peoples face heavy starvation, Governments buys food from other nations in order to feed its own citizens. But in case of authotarian government, such rarely happens. Take example of North Korea, where is communist system and Myanmar where there is army rule. News of starvation is heard every year through different media, but the Governments rejects the help of other countries, thinking that doing so will weaken their governing powers. In such a way due to globalization, many democratic developing countries are able to get new facilities, projects, knowledges.But there are some countries which ignore globalization thinking that globalization will harm them. So they prefer to remain alone rather than keeping their identity by competing with other nation.
I do not think, there are only questions related with democracy. I think responsibility and right goes simultaneously. If there only questions of rights in democracy, democracy becomes favorable to certain class of peoples but not to the whole peoples. But as in authotarian government, responsibility is not fixed in democracy. Democracy is not that in which citizens are mechanized and they do same things whatever the Government says. But citizen are free to do anything according to their knowledge and remaining within the periphery of constitution. So democracy won't be stable until peoples have knowledge to understand, their roles and responsibility towards democracy and nation. England does not have a written democratic constitution, but it is model for any democratic nation. This is because the citizens of the nation have strong affection towards the democracy. They do understand what the democracy is and what will happen to them if they bring an authotarian government. So for the stable democracy citizens must understand their limitation. This is the main reason why in developing nations, democracy is always in threat? Other question is identity. Until there is involvement of different races, religion, castes, proffession, ideology etc., the democracy is always in threat of tilting, because in democracy, there is always threat of revolt against government by the marginal, poor and those that are far from the facilities provided by the government. We see mainly in poor countries, the democracy is either kidnapped by a person or by a party leaving some countries as exceptions. So for the stability of democracy, the poverty should be minimized through the medium of rapid development. So I think responsibility, identity and poverty lines are the main questions related with the democracy.
People's Expectations about democracy
As mentioned above Nepal is currently in the course of writing new democratic constitution. The current politics of Nepal is proceeding on the basis of consensus between three major political parties' i.e.Nepali Congress, Nepal communist party-unified Marxism Leninism and Unified Nepal Communist party Maoist. Citizens are wishing at least the consensus not to break until the formation of new democratic constitution and democratic system. Peoples expect that democracy must ensure their identity which was lost during the monarchy. Also they expect that the democracy will provide food for those not having food, house for those not having house, school for those not being able to go to school, employment opportunity to those who are bounded to go to others nation for employment. Newly forming democratic system and the democratic parties should evaluate the potentiality of the skilled persons in country and try to implement the potentiality in Nepali scenario to make hunger free, fight free, unemployment free Nepal. Besides these peoples are also wanting that democracy which provides the identity of peace loving, development loving, poverty free, corruption less and independent country instead of today's violence, poverty, corruption and dependent upon other countries.
Democracy and Economic Freedom in Nepal
Democracy is that system in which one is king of him/herself so the slavery of someone for making him/her rich is not necessary. One who does have skill is likely to generate employment and the one which does not have skills is likely to be skilled in democracy. In democratic nation as in others nations, in Nepal, the market system is not monopoly so that interested peoples can open their own supermarkets,shops,trade centers not violating the rule formed by the governments. In monopoly market there is less demand of workers, staff but in contrast to monopoly market, in democratic market system there is more demand of workers and staff as the number of trade centers is huge. So as a result of democracy, many private enterprises are established in my country and thousands of peoples are getting job in their own land which is positive factor for increasing the lifestyles of general peoples.. However it is still to be improved. While talking about my country avoiding different ups and downs, it has started step towards democracy from more than 20 years ago. During these periods of 20 years of democracy practice, there is significant improve in the living standards of peoples. In the beginning of the 20 years, there were no more media centers, no more schools and universities, no more trade centers as these are today. Today there are more than 10 TV stations and more than 250 FM stations in Nepal, established on the effort of private agencies. Similarly due to open markets accompanied by democracy, many banks are established. Agriculture sector is also preferred by different private agencies for commercialization. Due to these trends, Nepal is being success to reduce the percentages of peoples below the national poverty line from 39.8% to 27.5% during these 20 years. Similarly the percapita income/year of Nepali in 2009 according to IMF was $448.96 which was $210 in 1991.Similarly GDP share of world, total PPP by Nepal in 1991AD was 0.04% and it was 0.05% in 2009 AD. The major percentages of GDP is contributed by public enterprise whose number was significantly increased during these 20 years of democratic periods.Transportation, agriculture, health, education, medicine, in every sectors, there is dominance of public enterprises providing employment to thousands of Nepali.Due to the establishment of huge numbers of schools, colleges and universities either by Government or by private sectors, Nepal has progressed on education sectors. By the establishment of different media houses and songs recording centers, even poor peoples with pleasing voices, have got chance to become a singer and have started to bring song albums in markets. These are beautiful results of 20 years of democracy. But I think these 20 years of democracy has made Nepali to go from 0 top 10.But we have still to go to at least 80.But for this firstly leaders should be in the favor of peoples rather than in the favor of ambassadors of other countries and they should coordinate with private sectors in solving each and every problems that are present in the Nepali society.
Conclusion and Recommendation
In conclusion, I can say there are lots of hopes of peoples from democracy. They think that the democratic constitution will provide identity to those, which was lost during the monarchy, food, shelters.clothes and lands to poor and favorable conditions in case of rich. But leaders as well as the peoples, who are positive towards democracy, should coordinate with private enterprises to address these problems. But before this coordination each and every political party must avoid dreaming about bringing any type of extremism. They must understand that Nepal's future is in democracy. Once democracy comes on way in Nepal, I think we do not have to struggle for development as many of other countries faced because we are among those nations who watched color television without watching black and white television and we are those who started to use computers and internet simultaneously without using computer alone b
Journey of Nepal towards democracy from 1991 AD to today, is not satiasfactory.Although people's expectation is very wide, but they say that poor peoples should get food, education, clothes.Similarly mid and rich peoples want social security so that they could invest money for establishing private enterprises. They want to see these things ensured in the democratic constitution of Nepal that is in course of formation. Democracy seems incapable to address the issues like corruption, insecurity and unemployment etc...Due to system of sharing among major political parties for major post in different sectors like university, hospital, transportation etc., democracy is weakening and so the nationality is. Problems like unemployment, poverty, crime are same as before with only some progress. Gap between rich and poor is very wide and is increasing and Nepal is the 2nd country after China in Asia where this gap is wide, because democracy is in still in hands of certain level of peoples. Peoples belonging beyond this class are not facilitated by democracy. But during these periods of democratic journey, due to establishment of private enterprise in huge numbers, it has progressed in many sectors like education, medicine, GDP share to the world etc...Similarly lifestyles of citizens have been increased significantly. There are no more good results of this journey except the free market, and private enterprises which are main reasons for progress in those sectors, in which Nepal is going up.
Introduction
Democracy is that political system in which power is in people's hand. Famous American president Abraham Lincoln had said that democracy is the political system by the people, for the people and to the people. This means every aspects and elements in democracy is led by peoples in contrast to a communist system and other authotarian system, in which rule is done by one people and is controlled by different armed forces. Freedom in establishing private enterprise, press freedom, human rights, freedom in changing the religion, access to education, health services, food etc., are all general bases for democracy. In other words, democracy is system in which even a boy born in a poor family, can be a leader in society.Generally,democracy may be defined according to the geographic condition, peoples status in country(poor, rich).For example the democratic system which is adopted in USA,India may not be applicable in Nepal because of its several limitation. In context of Nepal, there have been many revolutions starting from 1950AD to achieve a democratic system. But due to illiteracy, inability of leaders and due to location between two power countries i.e. India and China, it has not still achieved stability yet. After the removal of Monarchy in 2008, Nepal is currently in course of formation of new democratic constitution formation. But due to the regular conflicts between political parties for getting chair, democracy is in doubt to be flourished. Due to regular interference of India on its political journey, regular strike, corruption and, conflicts between youths belonging to different political parties, many peoples have started to think that Nepal is going to be as Afghanistan of 1990AD and some peoples are thinking it will be a failure country. However by extending the life of constitution assembly, the hope of peoples for getting democratic constitution has not yet died.
Citizen's Expectation
Every people in nation wish to have easy access to food,clothes,health services, education and everyone wants to have own home and everybody wants to establish own enterprise if he/she has some capital to invest. This holds true especially in case of developing countries like Nepal where still 28% of peoples are still below the national poverty line and many citizens are still bounded to sleep under clear sky due to not having own land and house.Helvetas Nepal reveals that number of such peoples is still higher (www.helvetasnepal.org.np/rbf.htm).In this case these people's expectation from the democracy is food to eat, land to involve in agriculture and a house to stay in so that they do not have to spend night under clear sky. These are expectations of very poor peoples. Let me slightly proceed from this. In 2008AD, Nepal became republic nation and from then Nepali citizens escaped from 240 years of monopoly system. During the kingship, many races and tribes were pressed and their numbers in national decision making position was very low. So many groups are formed either in the name of federalism or for increasing the number of tribal people in such positions now. So the expectations of such peoples are that their identity which was pressed during past should be appreciated. This is political expectation but as mentioned above, poverty, unemployment etc., are the major social problems and citizen wants democratic government solving such problems. ``Baadi`` tribe in Nepal is that tribe, in which women are compelled to be involved in sexual activities and money thus obtained is used for household expenditures. Leaders of this tribe expect that democracy in country will address the unemployment problem so that they can leave this profession, society hates {www.taipeitimes.com/.../2003137266(19 April 2004)}.
As democracy is a rule by the people, for the people, I think if leaders think seriously about these problems, these problems can be surely addressed. In my country, there are many peoples who are capturing many hectares of land, leaving bare and making land as a source of income by plotting. These many hectares of bare land should be captured by Government and thus captured land should be distributed to those not having lands and wanting to be involved in agricultural practices. But if one person is capturing many hectares of land and if he is farming the land, such land should not be captured by the Government. Democracy neither harms rich peoples nor poor ones. But rich peoples in each country pay tax to the Government for the enterprise they are running. In Nepal, tax system is very flexible. Government should avoid such flexibility. Today India has progressed in which tax also plays a major role. So democratic Government in Nepal should avoid tax flexibility and money obtained as tax from those peoples can be used for poor peoples in different sectors like education, health, employment generation, road formation, hydropower generation. As Nepal is second most rich country in water resource in the world. The tax can be invested in hydropower production and electricity left after domestic consumption can be sold to foreign countries. Money obtained from this can again be invested in different sectors for improving the living standards of poor peoples. By doing so the gap between poor and rich peoples decreases and in turns this help for the stability of democracy. As inflation is being main issue nowadays and is about 11%.In this condition the democratic Government must invest on agriculture sectors as Nepal depends upon another countries even for food and as among imported goods, food products occupies major proportion. I think import from other countries, is also a reason for inflation. Besides these Governments should make its agency aware whether problem is created by the local marketers. Besides these, there are many peoples wanting to invest money to establish different enterprise. Democratic government must provide security to them. In addition, Governments must provide other technical and physical support e.g. lands to them. There are many youths who do have skills and brain, muscles to implement the skills. I think Government may bring various popular programs such as self-employment. In democracy only Government can not solve all these problems so private enterprises that are already established, can play a creative role by coordinating with educated peoples in the society, university towards solving present problems
Democracy and Me in My Country
In democracy, it is only ideal that every one is satisfied with the Government and the governance system. But being an educated youth, I am very nervous with the democracy in my country. Since 1950AD, different political ups and downs have been in Nepal in the name of establishing democracy. During this, many lost their lives and many lost their house, family. But all for democracy and stability. Today due to childish behaviors of leaders, country is interfered by India in every political decision (Charu Lata Hogg, June 2010:-The world Today, Volume 66,Number 6,Chatham House, London).In this case how can I be satisfied with democracy. The problem like hunger, unemployment is as same as same as that before with only slightly less as before. The inflation rate is so higher that, for an officer, a salary of one month is tight for one month of expenditures and labors have to work with empty stomach. In this case how millennium development goal is achieved in Nepal, it is a matter of concern. In this condition, corruption is becoming the regular exercise of the Government officers from top to bottom. Recent study by Amnesty International shows that Nepal is the most corrupted country in South Asia. The gap between rich and poor is widening in such a way that rich peoples are becoming more and more rich and poor are being poorer. Democracy is renounced as `Damocracy` in real activities. There is no command of government over security. Killing of famous person even at the day time and even in the capital city is being a normal work but police can do nothing. Leaders are doing leadership and politics but when considered from a general public view, it seems they are doing all for themselves, their relatives and for their party. Even prime minister gives appointment to his brother in post of chief in different agencies although his brother was reported by different news papers as incapable person. This news has made Nepali frustrated with politics and democracy.
Brain drain rate is such huge that when considered to the peoples going to USA only, Nepal falls among the top 11 counmtries,from where peoples come to U.S. in huge number. The data of peoples going to other countries like UK, Saudi Arabia, Quatar, Kubait etc. is not clear. Thus going peoples are of the age 16-35.This means Nepal, although being a democratic nation, is loosing both brain and muscles at a time. If this rate of brain drain still continues, then in Nepal, there will be only old peoples and children, who are dependent. With this, development seems impossible and the probability of more corruption and dominance of bad extremist in governance increases. Social security system is such bad that owners of private companies sometime close the company for giving pressure to the Government demanding security. Many companies are permanently closed. This is mainly because cadres of different political parties beg money with the company owner. If owner rejects to give money, then he might have to face heavy economical and physical loss or even sometime death. Kidnapping and killing of industrialists becomes the main headings in daily newspapers frequently. In this situation satisfaction is only the dream and frustrations are only alternative.
Democratic Government's Responsibility
In Democracy, Government exists to serve peoples. In other words in democracy Government protects the rights of peoples. In return, peoples provide their loyalty to the government. But in authotarian system government demands loyalty from the citizen but in return the Government may or may not protect the people's right. Here people's right means: right to have food, right to have land, right to study, right to involve in social works etc.. These all rights are protected by the Government in democratic constitution. Food is defined as the fundamental need of the citizens in democratic nations. For example in many democratic nations, if peoples face heavy starvation, Governments buys food from other nations in order to feed its own citizens. But in case of authotarian government, such rarely happens. Take example of North Korea, where is communist system and Myanmar where there is army rule. News of starvation is heard every year through different media, but the Governments rejects the help of other countries, thinking that doing so will weaken their governing powers. In such a way due to globalization, many democratic developing countries are able to get new facilities, projects, knowledges.But there are some countries which ignore globalization thinking that globalization will harm them. So they prefer to remain alone rather than keeping their identity by competing with other nation.
I do not think, there are only questions related with democracy. I think responsibility and right goes simultaneously. If there only questions of rights in democracy, democracy becomes favorable to certain class of peoples but not to the whole peoples. But as in authotarian government, responsibility is not fixed in democracy. Democracy is not that in which citizens are mechanized and they do same things whatever the Government says. But citizen are free to do anything according to their knowledge and remaining within the periphery of constitution. So democracy won't be stable until peoples have knowledge to understand, their roles and responsibility towards democracy and nation. England does not have a written democratic constitution, but it is model for any democratic nation. This is because the citizens of the nation have strong affection towards the democracy. They do understand what the democracy is and what will happen to them if they bring an authotarian government. So for the stable democracy citizens must understand their limitation. This is the main reason why in developing nations, democracy is always in threat? Other question is identity. Until there is involvement of different races, religion, castes, proffession, ideology etc., the democracy is always in threat of tilting, because in democracy, there is always threat of revolt against government by the marginal, poor and those that are far from the facilities provided by the government. We see mainly in poor countries, the democracy is either kidnapped by a person or by a party leaving some countries as exceptions. So for the stability of democracy, the poverty should be minimized through the medium of rapid development. So I think responsibility, identity and poverty lines are the main questions related with the democracy.
People's Expectations about democracy
As mentioned above Nepal is currently in the course of writing new democratic constitution. The current politics of Nepal is proceeding on the basis of consensus between three major political parties' i.e.Nepali Congress, Nepal communist party-unified Marxism Leninism and Unified Nepal Communist party Maoist. Citizens are wishing at least the consensus not to break until the formation of new democratic constitution and democratic system. Peoples expect that democracy must ensure their identity which was lost during the monarchy. Also they expect that the democracy will provide food for those not having food, house for those not having house, school for those not being able to go to school, employment opportunity to those who are bounded to go to others nation for employment. Newly forming democratic system and the democratic parties should evaluate the potentiality of the skilled persons in country and try to implement the potentiality in Nepali scenario to make hunger free, fight free, unemployment free Nepal. Besides these peoples are also wanting that democracy which provides the identity of peace loving, development loving, poverty free, corruption less and independent country instead of today's violence, poverty, corruption and dependent upon other countries.
Democracy and Economic Freedom in Nepal
Democracy is that system in which one is king of him/herself so the slavery of someone for making him/her rich is not necessary. One who does have skill is likely to generate employment and the one which does not have skills is likely to be skilled in democracy. In democratic nation as in others nations, in Nepal, the market system is not monopoly so that interested peoples can open their own supermarkets,shops,trade centers not violating the rule formed by the governments. In monopoly market there is less demand of workers, staff but in contrast to monopoly market, in democratic market system there is more demand of workers and staff as the number of trade centers is huge. So as a result of democracy, many private enterprises are established in my country and thousands of peoples are getting job in their own land which is positive factor for increasing the lifestyles of general peoples.. However it is still to be improved. While talking about my country avoiding different ups and downs, it has started step towards democracy from more than 20 years ago. During these periods of 20 years of democracy practice, there is significant improve in the living standards of peoples. In the beginning of the 20 years, there were no more media centers, no more schools and universities, no more trade centers as these are today. Today there are more than 10 TV stations and more than 250 FM stations in Nepal, established on the effort of private agencies. Similarly due to open markets accompanied by democracy, many banks are established. Agriculture sector is also preferred by different private agencies for commercialization. Due to these trends, Nepal is being success to reduce the percentages of peoples below the national poverty line from 39.8% to 27.5% during these 20 years. Similarly the percapita income/year of Nepali in 2009 according to IMF was $448.96 which was $210 in 1991.Similarly GDP share of world, total PPP by Nepal in 1991AD was 0.04% and it was 0.05% in 2009 AD. The major percentages of GDP is contributed by public enterprise whose number was significantly increased during these 20 years of democratic periods.Transportation, agriculture, health, education, medicine, in every sectors, there is dominance of public enterprises providing employment to thousands of Nepali.Due to the establishment of huge numbers of schools, colleges and universities either by Government or by private sectors, Nepal has progressed on education sectors. By the establishment of different media houses and songs recording centers, even poor peoples with pleasing voices, have got chance to become a singer and have started to bring song albums in markets. These are beautiful results of 20 years of democracy. But I think these 20 years of democracy has made Nepali to go from 0 top 10.But we have still to go to at least 80.But for this firstly leaders should be in the favor of peoples rather than in the favor of ambassadors of other countries and they should coordinate with private sectors in solving each and every problems that are present in the Nepali society.
Conclusion and Recommendation
In conclusion, I can say there are lots of hopes of peoples from democracy. They think that the democratic constitution will provide identity to those, which was lost during the monarchy, food, shelters.clothes and lands to poor and favorable conditions in case of rich. But leaders as well as the peoples, who are positive towards democracy, should coordinate with private enterprises to address these problems. But before this coordination each and every political party must avoid dreaming about bringing any type of extremism. They must understand that Nepal's future is in democracy. Once democracy comes on way in Nepal, I think we do not have to struggle for development as many of other countries faced because we are among those nations who watched color television without watching black and white television and we are those who started to use computers and internet simultaneously without using computer alone b
Climate Change, Effect on Agriculture and Food Security in Nepal.
Abstract
Although the production of green house gases such as CO2 gas in Nepal is very less, the country is facing the negative effects of climate change. Agriculture is one of the badly affected sectors in Nepal by climate change. The variation in monsoon behaviour, increased intensity and frequency of soil erosions, drought and flooding, changed hydrological cycle and precipitation variance like effects are caused by climate change. These changes are sure to have implications for future availability. The rise in temperature, which is felt by indigenous people, is sure to decline the yield of staple crops, e.g.rice, etc i.e.C3 crops. Many local varieties of crops have been disappeared from the country giving the sign of deeper starvation in future. These problems have given a time to think about and have raised many questions about food security in Nepal, which is already a food insecure region. What will happen to Nepal when the climate change problem over hits deeply? It is frequently raised question. As CO2 gas in the atmosphere is one causative to climate change, so to reduce the effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 in agriculture field, the use of organic manure in soil to produce more yield without CO2 formation is one option but due to oxidation and reduction, carbon will ultimately release to the atmosphere causing detrimental effect to the crop and declining the yield. So one option for safer agricultural yield is a mix of different crops and varieties in one field, which may be reliable farming method to increase resilience to erratic weather changes. Simiarly for food security in Nepal in the climate change condition, the establishment of community seed banks and enhancing the cultivation practices of traditional crops such as sorghum, millet, pumpkins, watermelons can be two major options.
Introduction
Actually, industrial revolution opened the door of development in this earth. After the revolution, many countries have become rich while some others are busy in becoming rich through the industrialization. In the course of development, many positive as well as negative results are seen across the countries. Climate change is one of the negative impacts of the industrial development. It is supposed to be due to anthropogenic activities of human being (Upreti, 1999). In fact, earth is a green house that allows solar radiation to enter from the sun. Some part of the radiation emitted, is absorbed by land, water bodies, some part is utilized by plant during photosynthesis, and some part is returned back. However, the ozone layer is such tat it restores some part of the reflected radiation in the atmosphere. Due to this earth is warm and only living planet in the universe. In the absence of this phenomenon, the average temperature of the earth would have -180c at which life is supposed to be impossible. But during the course of industrialization, the amount of green house gases are increasing and ozone layer is devastating while in the other hand the reflected radiation from the surface of the earth, can not come out of the earth and hence the average warmth is increasing. This phenomenon is called global warming. Global warming and climate change is different thing. Climate is average of the weather of the bigger area over a big period of time.
The change in average status of weather parameters in a bigger area of place a greater period of time is called climate change. "Climate change" this word has become today’s major word. The variation in monsoon behavior, increased intensity and frequency of soil erosions, drought and flooding, changed hydrological cycle and precipitation variance are some of the forms that are seen when climate the change starts of occur. Actually, variation in weather pattern causes variation in agriculture and then causes variation in the living status of the people. It is generally asked is whether it is possible to control the climate change without controlling the today’s living status (stern reviews, economics of climate change).
Temperature trend in Nepal
Various research studies shows that the average temperature of Nepal is increasing and the rate of increase of temperature is greater nowadays than in the previous times and the
of increase of temperature is easily done in Himalayas region than in the Terai region. A study done by (shrestha et.al. in 1992) suggests that the average temperature of Nepal is increasing by 0.060c per year and that in Terai and Himalayas are 0.040c & 0.080c per year. It may be due to solar radiation absorbed by glacial lakes as well as radiation absorbed by land because of snow melting in the Himalayan region
Objectives
This scientific paper is review paper and is presented with all objective of making public, government and international community aware on effect of climate change of agriculture and feed security in Nepal. This review paper also focuses on next better option to mitigate the climate change and on meeting the demands of food of our growing populations rather than saying it should be or that should be.
Methodology
Today’s news becomes incomplete without talking about the climate change, its effect all Nepalese agriculture and food security in Nepal where even districts of Terai, the grain baskets of Nepal are food insecure zone, is a concern of every agriculture students and researchers. In formations, references are collected from published and unpublished matters that are available in the IAAS, Rampur library, Nepal, and websites. Experimental results of amgain's experiment on effect of Co2 and temperature on growth of paddy, wheat, maize is also included.
Trend of total precipitation
In fact, the rainfall pattern is not uniform in Nepal. Some time heavy rainfall occurs and sometimes more drought are seen. It has been found from research paper that in Nepal, the average annual rainfall is increasing by 168 mm and the days of rainfall are decreasing by 0.16 days (LIBRD, 2008). It means heavy rainfall occurs over a short period causing landslides and soil erosion in cultivable land.
According to Baidya and Karmacharya, 200 and, rainfall was recorded minimum in the year 1972, 1977, 1992 and 2005 and maximum in the year 1975, 1985, and 1998 respectively.
Greenhouse gases and agriculture
Carbon dioxide (Co2), nitrous oxide (N2o), CFC, and methane (CH4) are the major green house gases. Among them Co2, N2o and CH4 are the three major gases which contribute about 88% global warming (IPCC, 1996). Among these gases, Co2 is major green house gas affecting agriculture. It is surprising that agriculture is also one of the main source for the production of methane and contribute 17% to the global warming (Man Singh Yogendra, 2007). According to IPCC guidelines, Nepal’s GHG inventory is divided into 5 main categories. Energy activities, industrial works, agriculture, land are change and forestry, and waste management. The national GHG inventory represents emission data for three gases having greenhouse effects Co2, CH4, and N2O.
Co2:- Net emission of Co2 in the country were estimated of 9747 Gg for the base year 1994/1995. The contribution includes the transport sector (31%), industrial sector (27%), residential sector (22%), commercial sector (11%) and the remaining (9%) is shared by Agriculture sector.
CH4: In 1994/95, total methane emissions in Nepal were estimated at 948 Gg. 867 Gg and emission came from agriculture sector. Energy related combustion activities, such as biomass burring, incomplete combustion of fossils fuels had also contributed in methane production.
N2O:- The major source of nitrous oxide emissions in 1994/95 was agriculture soils from where 27 Gg of this gas were released to the atmosphere. In addition, 2 Gg of N2O emission were estimated from manure management for the same year (Shital kafley, 2004).
With increase in amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the rate of photosynthesis of the agriculture crops increases resulting in more yields. That is in normal case but in the condition of today’s climate change, where more Co2 gas in the atmosphere,
accompanied by increase in temperature, results in lower yield (karki, b. Krishna, 2007). It has been found that the yield of all crops will be reduced at 40c temperature rise accompanied by increase in Co2 level.
Another research conducted by amgain et al. 2005 reveals that increments in both maximum and minimum temperatures by 40c decreased rice yield by 34% and wheat yield by 4% as compared to base scenario with current weather data. In that research by increasing 40c for both maximum and minimum temperature along with an increase in solar radiation by 1 MJ/M2/day, rice yield decreased by 32% as and minimum temperatures by 40c and also an increase in Co2 concentration of 335 ppm, the reduction in rice yield was 33%, but in wheat yield was only 3% (Amgain et al. 2005).
Climate change and agriculture
Nepal is an agricultural country. More than 80% of the total peoples are involved in this occupation and contributed 38.15% of the total GDP. Now a day’s country is facing many problems. Variation in monsoon behavior, loss of the fertile soils. Many rivers are in the danger of extinction due to temperature increase. Glaciers like Dixo are burst causing serious damages and many others are considered to be in the condition of burst. In that cause the water for irrigation becomes scarce and the agricultural productivity decreases. Environment ministry secretary Udaya Raj Sharma said the rate of glacial melting in the impoverished Himalayan nation's mountains was higher than initially predicted, and the trend threatened rice and wheat crops. (Climate and south Asia famine, Wednesday sep 2, 2009).
The rising temperature and emission of Co2 to some extent is helpful. Introduction of crops for example:- increase in agricultural crops production by enhancing photosynthetic processes, water use efficiency, shortening physiological period and soil microbial activities. But it has many severe negative effects also which are decrease in grain filling period due to increase in respiration process, fertilizer use efficiency, shift in agriculture use, reduced nutrient in grain due to over respiration, increase in evapotranspiration. The main impact on agriculture is that due to climate change, the increase in productive land in some area and decrease in other region (Pathak 2003a) are found. In case of Nepal, the agricultural productive lands in Terai region are becoming less due to drought and a precipitation variance while the increase in agricultural lands are seen in Himalayas.
Evidences of climate change in Nepal and Nepalese agriculture
General
• Twelve warmest years since 1975 to 2007
• Late or pre monsoon, unusual precipitation, decreasing rainy days and intense rainfall events caused more runoff and low groundwater recharge.
• Extreme fog conditions have recently been observed in the terai regions.
• Traditional rainfall of Jestha and Ashar has been shifted in Shrawan and Bhadra. It has decreased paddy production.
Agriculture
• Eastern terai rain deficit in the year 2005/2006 by early monsoon and crop production reduced by 12.5% on the national basis. Nearly 10% of agro-land were left fallow due to rain deficit but mid western terai faced heavy rain with floods, which reduced production by 30% in the year (Regmi, 2007).
• Early maturity of crops due to increase in temperate may help to have more crops in the some crop cycle (NARC) animal report.
• Shifting of climatic zones has been observed in the country. Extinction of national vegetation. Local basmati rice varieties, some local wheat, maize, and other varieties are observed.
Cold wave in Nepal in 1997/98 had negative impacts on agricultural productivity and showed reduction in the production of crops by 27.8, 36.5, 11.2, 30, 37.6 and 38% in potato, toria, sarson, rayo, lentil and chickpea respective (NARC annual reports from 1987/88 to 1997/98)
Food security
Food security is defined as the access to have food at any time and at any place. Food security is not defined only as to have food but also to have food that is full of nutrients. The world food summit, convened in 1996, in 2002 by the FAO of the United Nation in Rome, highlighted the basic right of all people to all adequate diet, and need for concerted action among all countries to achieve this goal in a sustainable manner. How vulnerable households regions and countries are to climate change's impacts on
agriculture will depend on their access to land, water and government support and action: - the BLS, (the world food trade model) estimated that in 1980 there were about 500 million people risk of hunger in 2060has been estimated at 640 mllion. however, with unmitigated. , Declines in yields in low attitude regions [where many developing countries are located] are projected require to imports large amount of cereals. The number of hungry people in developing countries will increase by~1%for any 2-2.5%increase in prices. This means the number of peoples at risk of hunger grows by 10-60%in the scenarios tested, resulting an estimated increase of 60 to 350 million people in this condition( Rosenburgh,C. and M.L. Parry,1994)
A report released in this September, 2009 by British aid agency Oxfam, warned million Nepalese face severe food shortages because of climate change it said changing weather pattern- extremes temperatures, drier winters and delays in summer monsoon–have drastically affected crop production already, leaving farmers unable to properly feed themselves and pushing them to debt. An estimated 3.4 million people in karnali zone people face heavy starvation and this continues for 8-9 months in 12 months similarly other districts are also swimming in the lack of food .so future of Nepal is dangerous when heavy decline in grain production occurs.
A study done by t6he team of Purdue university reveals that due to climate change more peoples in the developing countries will be in hunger than the peoples in the developed countries. In that study,16 developing countries were considered and found that Zambia, Bangladesh and Mexico university will be in danger. That happens because due to climate change, the productivity of crop decreases and the price of the grain increase and the poor peoples of the developing countries like Nepal, whose population occupies a major percentage of the total country population cannot buy food and hence they emerge in the danger of hunger.
Adaptation
Plantation of crops like sorghum, sugarcane, maize (C4)crops
Most plants including trees and flowering plants produce PGA as the first step product in the photosynthesis. A few plant species including tropical grasses such as sugarcane and maize produce malic acid or aspartic acid as the first product. The molecules of these compounds contain 4 carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom similar molecular structure only the difference is addition of C and N.Because the initial products of photosynthesis for plants in this category involve compounds four carbon atoms, this class is called C4.Trhe other category of plants produce PGA, which contains three carbon atoms, so it is called C3.This classification is important because the responses of the two categories of plants to increased CO2 are different. The direct effect of an increase in CO2 over the years, there have been numerous laboratory experiments, which conclude that increased level of CO2 result in increased plant growth, no matter how that plant growth is quantified. The effects of an enriched atmospheric CO2 on crop productivity in large measures as positive, leaving little doubt as the benefits for global food security. Now after more than a century, and with the confirmation of thousands of scientific reports CO2 gives most remarkable response of all nutrients in the plant bulk, is usually in short supply, and is nearly always limiting for photosynthesis.
About 95 percent of all plants on the earth are of type C3.C4 crops constitute only 1.Among others the C4 crops includes sugarcane, corn, sorghum, millet that are commercially significant. The other 4 percentages of plants are not economically significant and include plants such as cactus.
As C4 plants can tolerate temperatures and CO2 compensation point is higher t6han C3 plants, so the Governments of the countries should try the commercial plantation of the crops like sugarcane and the grains of rice, wheat can be bought by selling these crops. So that population under the danger of feed hungry can be minimized and poverty can be eradicated by the commercialization of these C4 crops.
Plantation of wild crops that are tolerant to extremities of weather such as rye, millets, etc.
Establishment of community based seed bank for food security.
Due to climate change, the period of drought is increasing. In Nepal, the farming type is still primitive type and the history of modern agriculture is not very long. Population s increasing. In case of Nepal, only 17 percentage of the total land is cultivable and rainfall is highly variable. Access to irrigation is poor. Soils are of low fertility, hindered by rocks and stones in hilly region which occupies major portion of the total area (42%).There is a strong link between sustainable food production and seed accessibility, especially in case of climate change due to which rainfall amount is decreasing. Actually, community seed banks must be based on groups of people, in a community. Each member contributes to the bank with deposits of seed of each variety they grow. At planting season, members withdraw part of their own deposit and the reminder is used by the group for income generation. So the establishment of seed generates bank income in the community for the community. All seed is checked for quality. Training needs for groups waiting to run seed banks includes leadership skills and group development. Training also covers technical aspects of seed production and storage.
The seed banks enable community members to gain access to seeds at the right time enhancing food security. The establishment of seed bank can conserve the primitive varieties of crops that are tolerant to variable climate pattern and awareness on seed security arises.
Additional benefits include income generation through the seed bank and the income can be invested for the development of other infrastructures in the community. For the establishment of seed bank training should be conducted which include.
Selection of most suitable varieties of seed for banking.
Seed crop husbandry to enable farmers to provide sufficient seeds for their community: planting, soil fertility, pests, diseases, and weeds.
Seed harvesting and processing.
Post harvest management of seed.
Implementation
Formed by groups of peoples in a community.
Each member should deposit two portions of each variety of crops they grow, one portion for their own use, one for group. The group can use its portion for income generation.
The group seeks other seeds from local seed keepers to conserve local seed diversity.
Seed for storage should be of top quality, clean, dry pest and mould free.
Records are kept of varieties.
Crop rotation for reducing the risk of climate change on farm level
Crop rotation is a planned order of crop sequence on the same piece of land over time. The purpose of a rotation is to increase the average profit from the land by selecting a cropping sequence that has more additive than non-additive benefits. Farmers who are inclined to pay little or no attention to rotations say the seasons are too variable due to climate change ad the choice of crops is too limited. While climate, soils do limit choice of crops; benefits can still be gained from well-planned rotations (Helm L.James, 2006).
Climate change imposes several limitations on choice of crops
Growing season
Precipitation; It is variable and usually limited.
Temperature: -Both soil and air temperatures change and have their effect on crop choices.
Profits of crop rotations in case of climate change
Judicious use of soil nutrient:-Early maturing crops allow moisture accumulation after harvest while late maturing, deep rooted crops may leave very little nutrients reserve for the next crop.
Weed control:-Weed problem is a serious problem and the infestation of new serious weeds are seen. Crop rotation prevents weed seed production. The practice of delayed seeding is often used to permit weed emergence. Fall rye included in the rotation, especially on summer fallow, is an effective control practice for wild oat and other weeds due to the competitive ability of rye. Perennial grasses and legumes grown for several years and pastured or cut for hay or silage are also good weed control crops.
Soil productivity:-The green house gases such as CO2 fastens the growth of the plant rapidly but in happening so, reduction of soil nutrient occurs. However, if we practice crop rotations, it increases soil nutrients. Crop rotations including legume leaves nitrogen in the soil and by incorporating the legume plant the organic carbon in soil increases.
Wind and water erosion: -Can be reduced by practices such as strip cropping, contour farming and terraces. Rotations can also help when added to these practices. Cropping practices and tillage method are probably more important than rotations for erosion control. Where water erosion is serious, the field or area should be seeded to a permanent sod. Where wind erosion is a serious, plant residue and vegetative barriers are tools to use.
Conclusion
Climate change is real and underway, so there is a need of impact identification and adaptation to cope with the vulnerabilities in agricultural sector. Nepal being least developed countries, it is moving towards more vulnerable situation due to climate change. Agricultural sector is badly affected, the costs of foods are increasing, and the population that is in danger of hunger is changing due to extremities in climate. Due to climate change and global warming, the crops that are produced on our land is not as nutritious as in normal case giving sign of malnutrition of our Childs, who are the future of countries. What will be the future of Nepal, when its future pillars are suffering from malnutrition due to shortages of nutrition in crops due to climate change? So the Government of the countries should rapidly bring adaptation packages including crop diversification, plantation of local C4 crops varieties and establishment of seed bank so that food security can be achieved by opening many doors of income generations.
References
(Amgain et.al 2005): -L.P.Amgain, N.R.Devkota, J.T, Timsina, Bijay Singh, Journal of Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science,
District of Tharaka District of Kenya, article, Community seed banks-improved food security.
Helm.L.James, 2006-Extension Agronomist, North Dakota University. Article name-Crop rotations for profit in North Dakota.
Karki.B.Krishna, 2008: -The journal of Agriculture and Environment, page 54-61..
LIBIRD,2008:-LIBird,annual reports,2008,page 1-4.
Malla, G, 2008: -The journal of Agriculture and Environment, Page 62-71.
Man Singh Yogendra, 2007: -Evidences of climate change in Nepal, Journal of Institute of Agriculture, and Animal Science,
Pathak, et al., 2003; -Climate potential and on farm yield trends of rice and wheat in the indo Gangentic plains field crops, Re, 80:223-224.
Regmi, H.R.2007;-Effect of unusual weather on cereal crops production and household food security. The journal of Agriculture and Environment,pp20-29.
Rosenburgh,c. and M.L. Parry,1994;-Potential impact of climate change on worlds food supply.
Article of Shital Kafley
•
Although the production of green house gases such as CO2 gas in Nepal is very less, the country is facing the negative effects of climate change. Agriculture is one of the badly affected sectors in Nepal by climate change. The variation in monsoon behaviour, increased intensity and frequency of soil erosions, drought and flooding, changed hydrological cycle and precipitation variance like effects are caused by climate change. These changes are sure to have implications for future availability. The rise in temperature, which is felt by indigenous people, is sure to decline the yield of staple crops, e.g.rice, etc i.e.C3 crops. Many local varieties of crops have been disappeared from the country giving the sign of deeper starvation in future. These problems have given a time to think about and have raised many questions about food security in Nepal, which is already a food insecure region. What will happen to Nepal when the climate change problem over hits deeply? It is frequently raised question. As CO2 gas in the atmosphere is one causative to climate change, so to reduce the effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 in agriculture field, the use of organic manure in soil to produce more yield without CO2 formation is one option but due to oxidation and reduction, carbon will ultimately release to the atmosphere causing detrimental effect to the crop and declining the yield. So one option for safer agricultural yield is a mix of different crops and varieties in one field, which may be reliable farming method to increase resilience to erratic weather changes. Simiarly for food security in Nepal in the climate change condition, the establishment of community seed banks and enhancing the cultivation practices of traditional crops such as sorghum, millet, pumpkins, watermelons can be two major options.
Introduction
Actually, industrial revolution opened the door of development in this earth. After the revolution, many countries have become rich while some others are busy in becoming rich through the industrialization. In the course of development, many positive as well as negative results are seen across the countries. Climate change is one of the negative impacts of the industrial development. It is supposed to be due to anthropogenic activities of human being (Upreti, 1999). In fact, earth is a green house that allows solar radiation to enter from the sun. Some part of the radiation emitted, is absorbed by land, water bodies, some part is utilized by plant during photosynthesis, and some part is returned back. However, the ozone layer is such tat it restores some part of the reflected radiation in the atmosphere. Due to this earth is warm and only living planet in the universe. In the absence of this phenomenon, the average temperature of the earth would have -180c at which life is supposed to be impossible. But during the course of industrialization, the amount of green house gases are increasing and ozone layer is devastating while in the other hand the reflected radiation from the surface of the earth, can not come out of the earth and hence the average warmth is increasing. This phenomenon is called global warming. Global warming and climate change is different thing. Climate is average of the weather of the bigger area over a big period of time.
The change in average status of weather parameters in a bigger area of place a greater period of time is called climate change. "Climate change" this word has become today’s major word. The variation in monsoon behavior, increased intensity and frequency of soil erosions, drought and flooding, changed hydrological cycle and precipitation variance are some of the forms that are seen when climate the change starts of occur. Actually, variation in weather pattern causes variation in agriculture and then causes variation in the living status of the people. It is generally asked is whether it is possible to control the climate change without controlling the today’s living status (stern reviews, economics of climate change).
Temperature trend in Nepal
Various research studies shows that the average temperature of Nepal is increasing and the rate of increase of temperature is greater nowadays than in the previous times and the
of increase of temperature is easily done in Himalayas region than in the Terai region. A study done by (shrestha et.al. in 1992) suggests that the average temperature of Nepal is increasing by 0.060c per year and that in Terai and Himalayas are 0.040c & 0.080c per year. It may be due to solar radiation absorbed by glacial lakes as well as radiation absorbed by land because of snow melting in the Himalayan region
Objectives
This scientific paper is review paper and is presented with all objective of making public, government and international community aware on effect of climate change of agriculture and feed security in Nepal. This review paper also focuses on next better option to mitigate the climate change and on meeting the demands of food of our growing populations rather than saying it should be or that should be.
Methodology
Today’s news becomes incomplete without talking about the climate change, its effect all Nepalese agriculture and food security in Nepal where even districts of Terai, the grain baskets of Nepal are food insecure zone, is a concern of every agriculture students and researchers. In formations, references are collected from published and unpublished matters that are available in the IAAS, Rampur library, Nepal, and websites. Experimental results of amgain's experiment on effect of Co2 and temperature on growth of paddy, wheat, maize is also included.
Trend of total precipitation
In fact, the rainfall pattern is not uniform in Nepal. Some time heavy rainfall occurs and sometimes more drought are seen. It has been found from research paper that in Nepal, the average annual rainfall is increasing by 168 mm and the days of rainfall are decreasing by 0.16 days (LIBRD, 2008). It means heavy rainfall occurs over a short period causing landslides and soil erosion in cultivable land.
According to Baidya and Karmacharya, 200 and, rainfall was recorded minimum in the year 1972, 1977, 1992 and 2005 and maximum in the year 1975, 1985, and 1998 respectively.
Greenhouse gases and agriculture
Carbon dioxide (Co2), nitrous oxide (N2o), CFC, and methane (CH4) are the major green house gases. Among them Co2, N2o and CH4 are the three major gases which contribute about 88% global warming (IPCC, 1996). Among these gases, Co2 is major green house gas affecting agriculture. It is surprising that agriculture is also one of the main source for the production of methane and contribute 17% to the global warming (Man Singh Yogendra, 2007). According to IPCC guidelines, Nepal’s GHG inventory is divided into 5 main categories. Energy activities, industrial works, agriculture, land are change and forestry, and waste management. The national GHG inventory represents emission data for three gases having greenhouse effects Co2, CH4, and N2O.
Co2:- Net emission of Co2 in the country were estimated of 9747 Gg for the base year 1994/1995. The contribution includes the transport sector (31%), industrial sector (27%), residential sector (22%), commercial sector (11%) and the remaining (9%) is shared by Agriculture sector.
CH4: In 1994/95, total methane emissions in Nepal were estimated at 948 Gg. 867 Gg and emission came from agriculture sector. Energy related combustion activities, such as biomass burring, incomplete combustion of fossils fuels had also contributed in methane production.
N2O:- The major source of nitrous oxide emissions in 1994/95 was agriculture soils from where 27 Gg of this gas were released to the atmosphere. In addition, 2 Gg of N2O emission were estimated from manure management for the same year (Shital kafley, 2004).
With increase in amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the rate of photosynthesis of the agriculture crops increases resulting in more yields. That is in normal case but in the condition of today’s climate change, where more Co2 gas in the atmosphere,
accompanied by increase in temperature, results in lower yield (karki, b. Krishna, 2007). It has been found that the yield of all crops will be reduced at 40c temperature rise accompanied by increase in Co2 level.
Another research conducted by amgain et al. 2005 reveals that increments in both maximum and minimum temperatures by 40c decreased rice yield by 34% and wheat yield by 4% as compared to base scenario with current weather data. In that research by increasing 40c for both maximum and minimum temperature along with an increase in solar radiation by 1 MJ/M2/day, rice yield decreased by 32% as and minimum temperatures by 40c and also an increase in Co2 concentration of 335 ppm, the reduction in rice yield was 33%, but in wheat yield was only 3% (Amgain et al. 2005).
Climate change and agriculture
Nepal is an agricultural country. More than 80% of the total peoples are involved in this occupation and contributed 38.15% of the total GDP. Now a day’s country is facing many problems. Variation in monsoon behavior, loss of the fertile soils. Many rivers are in the danger of extinction due to temperature increase. Glaciers like Dixo are burst causing serious damages and many others are considered to be in the condition of burst. In that cause the water for irrigation becomes scarce and the agricultural productivity decreases. Environment ministry secretary Udaya Raj Sharma said the rate of glacial melting in the impoverished Himalayan nation's mountains was higher than initially predicted, and the trend threatened rice and wheat crops. (Climate and south Asia famine, Wednesday sep 2, 2009).
The rising temperature and emission of Co2 to some extent is helpful. Introduction of crops for example:- increase in agricultural crops production by enhancing photosynthetic processes, water use efficiency, shortening physiological period and soil microbial activities. But it has many severe negative effects also which are decrease in grain filling period due to increase in respiration process, fertilizer use efficiency, shift in agriculture use, reduced nutrient in grain due to over respiration, increase in evapotranspiration. The main impact on agriculture is that due to climate change, the increase in productive land in some area and decrease in other region (Pathak 2003a) are found. In case of Nepal, the agricultural productive lands in Terai region are becoming less due to drought and a precipitation variance while the increase in agricultural lands are seen in Himalayas.
Evidences of climate change in Nepal and Nepalese agriculture
General
• Twelve warmest years since 1975 to 2007
• Late or pre monsoon, unusual precipitation, decreasing rainy days and intense rainfall events caused more runoff and low groundwater recharge.
• Extreme fog conditions have recently been observed in the terai regions.
• Traditional rainfall of Jestha and Ashar has been shifted in Shrawan and Bhadra. It has decreased paddy production.
Agriculture
• Eastern terai rain deficit in the year 2005/2006 by early monsoon and crop production reduced by 12.5% on the national basis. Nearly 10% of agro-land were left fallow due to rain deficit but mid western terai faced heavy rain with floods, which reduced production by 30% in the year (Regmi, 2007).
• Early maturity of crops due to increase in temperate may help to have more crops in the some crop cycle (NARC) animal report.
• Shifting of climatic zones has been observed in the country. Extinction of national vegetation. Local basmati rice varieties, some local wheat, maize, and other varieties are observed.
Cold wave in Nepal in 1997/98 had negative impacts on agricultural productivity and showed reduction in the production of crops by 27.8, 36.5, 11.2, 30, 37.6 and 38% in potato, toria, sarson, rayo, lentil and chickpea respective (NARC annual reports from 1987/88 to 1997/98)
Food security
Food security is defined as the access to have food at any time and at any place. Food security is not defined only as to have food but also to have food that is full of nutrients. The world food summit, convened in 1996, in 2002 by the FAO of the United Nation in Rome, highlighted the basic right of all people to all adequate diet, and need for concerted action among all countries to achieve this goal in a sustainable manner. How vulnerable households regions and countries are to climate change's impacts on
agriculture will depend on their access to land, water and government support and action: - the BLS, (the world food trade model) estimated that in 1980 there were about 500 million people risk of hunger in 2060has been estimated at 640 mllion. however, with unmitigated. , Declines in yields in low attitude regions [where many developing countries are located] are projected require to imports large amount of cereals. The number of hungry people in developing countries will increase by~1%for any 2-2.5%increase in prices. This means the number of peoples at risk of hunger grows by 10-60%in the scenarios tested, resulting an estimated increase of 60 to 350 million people in this condition( Rosenburgh,C. and M.L. Parry,1994)
A report released in this September, 2009 by British aid agency Oxfam, warned million Nepalese face severe food shortages because of climate change it said changing weather pattern- extremes temperatures, drier winters and delays in summer monsoon–have drastically affected crop production already, leaving farmers unable to properly feed themselves and pushing them to debt. An estimated 3.4 million people in karnali zone people face heavy starvation and this continues for 8-9 months in 12 months similarly other districts are also swimming in the lack of food .so future of Nepal is dangerous when heavy decline in grain production occurs.
A study done by t6he team of Purdue university reveals that due to climate change more peoples in the developing countries will be in hunger than the peoples in the developed countries. In that study,16 developing countries were considered and found that Zambia, Bangladesh and Mexico university will be in danger. That happens because due to climate change, the productivity of crop decreases and the price of the grain increase and the poor peoples of the developing countries like Nepal, whose population occupies a major percentage of the total country population cannot buy food and hence they emerge in the danger of hunger.
Adaptation
Plantation of crops like sorghum, sugarcane, maize (C4)crops
Most plants including trees and flowering plants produce PGA as the first step product in the photosynthesis. A few plant species including tropical grasses such as sugarcane and maize produce malic acid or aspartic acid as the first product. The molecules of these compounds contain 4 carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom similar molecular structure only the difference is addition of C and N.Because the initial products of photosynthesis for plants in this category involve compounds four carbon atoms, this class is called C4.Trhe other category of plants produce PGA, which contains three carbon atoms, so it is called C3.This classification is important because the responses of the two categories of plants to increased CO2 are different. The direct effect of an increase in CO2 over the years, there have been numerous laboratory experiments, which conclude that increased level of CO2 result in increased plant growth, no matter how that plant growth is quantified. The effects of an enriched atmospheric CO2 on crop productivity in large measures as positive, leaving little doubt as the benefits for global food security. Now after more than a century, and with the confirmation of thousands of scientific reports CO2 gives most remarkable response of all nutrients in the plant bulk, is usually in short supply, and is nearly always limiting for photosynthesis.
About 95 percent of all plants on the earth are of type C3.C4 crops constitute only 1.Among others the C4 crops includes sugarcane, corn, sorghum, millet that are commercially significant. The other 4 percentages of plants are not economically significant and include plants such as cactus.
As C4 plants can tolerate temperatures and CO2 compensation point is higher t6han C3 plants, so the Governments of the countries should try the commercial plantation of the crops like sugarcane and the grains of rice, wheat can be bought by selling these crops. So that population under the danger of feed hungry can be minimized and poverty can be eradicated by the commercialization of these C4 crops.
Plantation of wild crops that are tolerant to extremities of weather such as rye, millets, etc.
Establishment of community based seed bank for food security.
Due to climate change, the period of drought is increasing. In Nepal, the farming type is still primitive type and the history of modern agriculture is not very long. Population s increasing. In case of Nepal, only 17 percentage of the total land is cultivable and rainfall is highly variable. Access to irrigation is poor. Soils are of low fertility, hindered by rocks and stones in hilly region which occupies major portion of the total area (42%).There is a strong link between sustainable food production and seed accessibility, especially in case of climate change due to which rainfall amount is decreasing. Actually, community seed banks must be based on groups of people, in a community. Each member contributes to the bank with deposits of seed of each variety they grow. At planting season, members withdraw part of their own deposit and the reminder is used by the group for income generation. So the establishment of seed generates bank income in the community for the community. All seed is checked for quality. Training needs for groups waiting to run seed banks includes leadership skills and group development. Training also covers technical aspects of seed production and storage.
The seed banks enable community members to gain access to seeds at the right time enhancing food security. The establishment of seed bank can conserve the primitive varieties of crops that are tolerant to variable climate pattern and awareness on seed security arises.
Additional benefits include income generation through the seed bank and the income can be invested for the development of other infrastructures in the community. For the establishment of seed bank training should be conducted which include.
Selection of most suitable varieties of seed for banking.
Seed crop husbandry to enable farmers to provide sufficient seeds for their community: planting, soil fertility, pests, diseases, and weeds.
Seed harvesting and processing.
Post harvest management of seed.
Implementation
Formed by groups of peoples in a community.
Each member should deposit two portions of each variety of crops they grow, one portion for their own use, one for group. The group can use its portion for income generation.
The group seeks other seeds from local seed keepers to conserve local seed diversity.
Seed for storage should be of top quality, clean, dry pest and mould free.
Records are kept of varieties.
Crop rotation for reducing the risk of climate change on farm level
Crop rotation is a planned order of crop sequence on the same piece of land over time. The purpose of a rotation is to increase the average profit from the land by selecting a cropping sequence that has more additive than non-additive benefits. Farmers who are inclined to pay little or no attention to rotations say the seasons are too variable due to climate change ad the choice of crops is too limited. While climate, soils do limit choice of crops; benefits can still be gained from well-planned rotations (Helm L.James, 2006).
Climate change imposes several limitations on choice of crops
Growing season
Precipitation; It is variable and usually limited.
Temperature: -Both soil and air temperatures change and have their effect on crop choices.
Profits of crop rotations in case of climate change
Judicious use of soil nutrient:-Early maturing crops allow moisture accumulation after harvest while late maturing, deep rooted crops may leave very little nutrients reserve for the next crop.
Weed control:-Weed problem is a serious problem and the infestation of new serious weeds are seen. Crop rotation prevents weed seed production. The practice of delayed seeding is often used to permit weed emergence. Fall rye included in the rotation, especially on summer fallow, is an effective control practice for wild oat and other weeds due to the competitive ability of rye. Perennial grasses and legumes grown for several years and pastured or cut for hay or silage are also good weed control crops.
Soil productivity:-The green house gases such as CO2 fastens the growth of the plant rapidly but in happening so, reduction of soil nutrient occurs. However, if we practice crop rotations, it increases soil nutrients. Crop rotations including legume leaves nitrogen in the soil and by incorporating the legume plant the organic carbon in soil increases.
Wind and water erosion: -Can be reduced by practices such as strip cropping, contour farming and terraces. Rotations can also help when added to these practices. Cropping practices and tillage method are probably more important than rotations for erosion control. Where water erosion is serious, the field or area should be seeded to a permanent sod. Where wind erosion is a serious, plant residue and vegetative barriers are tools to use.
Conclusion
Climate change is real and underway, so there is a need of impact identification and adaptation to cope with the vulnerabilities in agricultural sector. Nepal being least developed countries, it is moving towards more vulnerable situation due to climate change. Agricultural sector is badly affected, the costs of foods are increasing, and the population that is in danger of hunger is changing due to extremities in climate. Due to climate change and global warming, the crops that are produced on our land is not as nutritious as in normal case giving sign of malnutrition of our Childs, who are the future of countries. What will be the future of Nepal, when its future pillars are suffering from malnutrition due to shortages of nutrition in crops due to climate change? So the Government of the countries should rapidly bring adaptation packages including crop diversification, plantation of local C4 crops varieties and establishment of seed bank so that food security can be achieved by opening many doors of income generations.
References
(Amgain et.al 2005): -L.P.Amgain, N.R.Devkota, J.T, Timsina, Bijay Singh, Journal of Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science,
District of Tharaka District of Kenya, article, Community seed banks-improved food security.
Helm.L.James, 2006-Extension Agronomist, North Dakota University. Article name-Crop rotations for profit in North Dakota.
Karki.B.Krishna, 2008: -The journal of Agriculture and Environment, page 54-61..
LIBIRD,2008:-LIBird,annual reports,2008,page 1-4.
Malla, G, 2008: -The journal of Agriculture and Environment, Page 62-71.
Man Singh Yogendra, 2007: -Evidences of climate change in Nepal, Journal of Institute of Agriculture, and Animal Science,
Pathak, et al., 2003; -Climate potential and on farm yield trends of rice and wheat in the indo Gangentic plains field crops, Re, 80:223-224.
Regmi, H.R.2007;-Effect of unusual weather on cereal crops production and household food security. The journal of Agriculture and Environment,pp20-29.
Rosenburgh,c. and M.L. Parry,1994;-Potential impact of climate change on worlds food supply.
Article of Shital Kafley
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